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• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• About the Authors
• Contents in Brief
• Contents
• Maps
• Primary-Source Features
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Pedagogy and Features
• 1 – Origins: The Near East, Egypt, and Greece, 12,000–600 BCE
• The Near East to the Bronze Age Crisis
• Life and Death in Egypt (3000–332 BCE)
• The Near East: Great Powers and a Distinctive People (1100–330 BCE)
• The Emergence of Greece: Building a Culture (2700–600 BCE)
• Conclusion
• 2 – “The School of Greece”: Greek Politics, Society, and Culture, 600–400 BCE
• Athenian Democracy: The Foundations
• Athens and the Persian Wars (490–479 BCE)
• The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE)
• The Athenian Experiment (490–406 BCE)
• Athenian Society
• Athenian Culture: Mastering the World
• Conclusion
• 3 – From Classical Greece to the Hellenistic World: Cultures in Contact, 400–30 BCE
• New Ways of Understanding the World
• The Transformation of Greece in the Fourth Century BCE
• Alexander the Great: The World Transformed
• The Hellenistic Monarchies (305–30 BCE)
• Hellenistic Society
• A Cosmopolitan Culture
• Conversations Across Cultures
• The Jews in the Hellenistic World
• Conclusion
• 4 – Rome: Monarchy, Republic, and the Transition to Empire, 1000 BCE–14 CE
• Origins (1000–509 BCE)
• The Early Republic (509–146 BCE)
• The Wars with Carthage
• The Expanding Republic: Culture and Society
• The Republic in Flux: Economic and Social Change (218–180 BCE)
• The Crisis of the Republic (133–31 BCE)
• Augustus: Building An Empire (31 BCE–14 CE)
• Conclusion
• 5 – The Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity 14–312 CE
• The Early Empire (14–96 CE)
• The Empire At Its Height
• The Jews of Imperial Rome
• The Life and Death of Jesus
• Early Christianity
• New Scriptures
• The Developing Church
• Instability in the Empire (180–312)
• Conclusion
• 6 – The Late Roman Empire and the Consolidation of the Church 312–476
• Constantine and Christianity
• The Empire Recast: From Constantine to Theodosius I (312–395)
• The Empire in Reverse
• A Dynamic Culture: Competing Beliefs and Rival Philosophies
• Forging a New Christian Culture
• Christianity: New Sources of Strength
• Imperial Authority Under Threat (Mid-4th–Mid-5th Centuries)
• The Emergence of the Latin Church: Jerome and Augustine
• The Fall of Rome (5th–6th Centuries)
• Conclusion
• 7 – Between Worlds: Late Antiquity and the Making of the Middle Ages, 476–900
• Byzantium: East Rome Transformed (527–630)
• The Origins of Islam (600–650)
• Islam and Byzantium: Cultural Adaptation (7th–10th Centuries)
• The West in Late Antiquity (475–843)
• Conclusion
• 8 – Europe Revived 900–1200
• The Social Orders
• The Reemergence of Cities (900–1200)
• The Medieval State
• The Medieval Church
• New Directions in Medieval Culture
• Conclusion
• 9 – Consolidation and Crisis: The High Middle Ages 1200–1400
• Transforming City and Countryside
• Transforming the State
• Transforming the Church
• The Medieval World in Crisis (1238–1382)
• Conclusion
• 10 – Renaissance Europe: A World Transformed, 1400–1500
• Renaissance States
• Christianity: Crisis and Reform
• Europe Expands: New Technologies and Their Consequences
• Discovery: A New World
• Rediscovery: Renaissance Culture
• Conclusion
• 11 – Reformations: Protestant and Catholic, 1500–1600
• Martin Luther and the Culture of Church Reform
• The Reformation Movement
• Churches and Monarchs: A Changing Balance
• Renewing Catholicism
• Rethinking the Natural World
• War Across the Continent
• A Time of Darkness
• Conclusion
• 12 – Things Fall Apart: A Continent in Crisis, 1600–1640
• Economic Change
• European Expansion in the Atlantic
• States Under Pressure
• A New Social Dynamic in Religion
• Civil Strife
• The Thirty Years’ War
• War and Absolutism
• Royal Power and Culture
• Conclusion
• 13 – Ordering the World: New Forms of Authority and Knowledge 1640–1680
• The Civil Wars in the British Isles (1639–1649)
• The Continental Civil Wars
• Religious Questioning
• Order Through Reason
• Making Peace: Constructing a New International Order After the Thirty Years’ War
• The Absolutist States
• The Mercantile States
• Conclusion
• 14 – From Court to City: Emerging Cultures, 1680–1740
• Intolerance Intensified
• The Glorious Revolution and Its Consequences
• Absolutism At Its Height
• The Conduct of War
• War and the Balance of Power (1680–1721)
• An Atlantic World
• City Life and Culture
• A Revolution in Thought
• Conclusion
• 15 – Enlightenment: Challenging the Prevailing Order 1740–1780
• Economic Change
• Warfare Turned Global
• A Cultural Transformation
• Religious Change
• The Enlightenment At Its Height
• The Politics of Enlightenment
• Conclusion
• 16 – Revolution: Liberty and Terror, 1780–1799
• The Origins of the French Revolution
• The Revolution Begins (1788–1789)
• Radicalization (1789–1792)
• The Birth of the First French Republic (1792–1793)
• The Reign of Terror (1793–1794)
• The Directory and Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte (1795–1799)
• Conclusion
• 17 – The Age of Napoleon: Empire and Resistance, 1799–1820
• Napoleon Bonaparte in Power (1799–1804)
• The Conquest of Europe (1804–1807)
• The Empire Contested (1807–1814)
• Europe in the Era of Napoleon
• Napoleon’s Downfall (1812–1815)
• The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815)
• Post-Napoleonic Europe
• Conclusion
• 18 – Acceleration: The Age of Industry, 1820–1845
• The Industrial Revolution
• Social Change and the Middle Classes
• The Industrial Lower Classes
• Religious Reform and Romantic Culture
• New Political Patterns
• Repression and Reform
• The New International Order and Nationalism
• Conclusion
• 19 – Growing Pains: Social and Political Upheavals, 1845–1880
• The Revolutions of 1848
• Britain’s Ascendance
• Power Politics
• Economic Growth and Social Change
• Culture and Class Wars
• Conclusion
• 20 – Apogee: Imperial Rivalry and Global Power, 1880–1910
• Accelerating Social Change
• Liberalism At Bay
• International Rivalry and the New Imperialism
• Modernism Rising
• Conclusion
• 21 – Things Blow Up: World War I and the Russian Revolution, 1910–1922
• Origins
• Into the Abyss (1914–1915)
• Toward Total War
• Breaking Points (1916–1917)
• The Beginning of the Russian Revolution
• The War’s End
• Conclusion
• 22 – Ideologies: The Triumph of Political Extremes, 1922–1940
• A Blighted Recovery
• Modernist Culture and Society
• A Fragile Order
• The Colonial Empires
• Totalitarian Dictatorships
• The Coming of World War II
• Conclusion
• 23 – The Abyss: World War II and the Holocaust, 1940–1945
• From Blitzkrieg to the Battle of Britain
• Occupied Europe
• Barbarossa
• Crucial Points
• Holocaust
• Total War
• Home Fronts
• Liberation
• A Violent Conclusion
• Conclusion
• 24 – Recovery and Cold War: Rebuilding a Divided Continent, 1945–1973
• The Aftermath of War
• Rebuilding
• Cold War
• Decolonization: The First Steps
• Post-War Prosperity
• Political Stabilization
• Decolonization and Political Change
• Shifting Cold War Dynamics
• The Decade of Youth Revolt
• Conclusion
• 25 – Reunion: European Unification and the End of the Cold War, 1973–1999
• Seasons of Discontent
• Shifts in the Post-War Social Consensus
• External and Internal Pressures On the Eastern Bloc
• The Collapse of Communism
• The End of the Soviet Empire
• The New Balkan Wars
• Connections
• Conclusion
• 26 – Under Pressure: Europe’s Uncertain Present, Since 2000
• Terrorism and War
• European Construction and Its Discontents
• The Great Recession and the Eurozone Crisis
• Conflict in the Former Soviet Union
• A Rising Illiberalism
• From Friction To Violence: Europe and Islam
• Conclusion: The Present Moment in Historical Perspective
• Further Reading
• Glossary
• Text Credits
• Photo Credits
• Index