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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Introduction Thermodynamic System and Its Interactions with the Surroundings
• 0.1 Thermodynamic Systems
• 0.2 Test and Animations
• 0.3 Examples of Thermodynamic Systems
• 0.4 Interactions Between the System and Its Surroundings
• 0.5 Mass Interaction
• 0.6 Test and the TESTcalcs
• 0.7 Energy, Work, and Heat
• 0.7.1 Heat and Heating Rate
• 0.7.2 Work and Power
• 0.8 Work Transfer Mechanisms
• 0.8.1 Mechanical Work
• 0.8.2 Shaft Work
• 0.8.3 Electrical Work
• 0.8.4 Boundary Work
• 0.8.5 Flow Work
• 0.8.6 Net Work Transfer
• 0.8.7 Other Interactions
• 0.9 Closure
• Chapter 1 Description of a System: States and Properties
• 1.1 Consequences of Interactions
• 1.2 States
• 1.3 Macroscopic vs. Microscopic Thermodynamics
• 1.4 An Image Analogy
• 1.5 Properties of State
• 1.5.1 Property Evaluation by State TESTcalcs
• 1.5.2 Properties Related to System Size
• 1.5.3 Density and Specific Volume
• 1.5.4 Velocity and Elevation
• 1.5.5 Pressure
• 1.5.6 Temperature
• 1.5.7 Stored Energy
• 1.5.8 Flow Energy and Enthalpy
• 1.5.9 Entropy
• 1.5.10 Exergy
• 1.6 Property Classification
• 1.7 Evaluation of Extended State
• 1.8 Closure
• Chapter 2 Development of Balance Equations for Mass, Energy, and Entropy: Application to Closed-Stea
• 2.1 Balance Equations
• 2.1.1 Mass Balance Equation
• 2.1.2 Energy Balance Equation
• 2.1.3 Entropy Balance Equation
• 2.1.4 Entropy and Reversibility
• 2.2 Closed-Steady Systems
• 2.3 Cycles—a Special Case of Closed-Steady Systems
• 2.3.1 Heat Engine
• 2.3.2 Refrigerator and Heat Pump
• 2.3.3 The Carnot Cycle
• 2.3.4 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
• 2.4 Closure
• Chapter 3 Evaluation of Properties: Material Models
• 3.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and States
• 3.1.1 Equilibrium and LTE (Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium)
• 3.1.2 The State Postulate
• 3.1.3 Differential Thermodynamic Relations
• 3.2 Material Models
• 3.2.1 State TESTcalcs and TEST-Codes
• 3.3 The SL (Solid/Liquid) Model
• 3.3.1 SL Model Assumptions
• 3.3.2 Equations of State
• 3.3.3 Model Summary: SL Model
• 3.4 The PC (Phase-Change) Model
• 3.4.1 A New Pair of Properties—Qualities x and y
• 3.4.2 Numerical Simulation
• 3.4.3 Property Diagrams
• 3.4.4 Extending the Diagrams: The Solid Phase
• 3.4.5 Thermodynamic Property Tables
• 3.4.6 Evaluation of Phase Composition
• 3.4.7 Properties of Saturated Mixture
• 3.4.8 Subcooled or Compressed Liquid
• 3.4.9 Supercritical Vapor or Liquid
• 3.4.10 Sublimation States
• 3.4.11 Model Summary—PC Model
• 3.5 GAS MODELS
• 3.5.1 The IG (Ideal Gas) and PG (Perfect Gas) Models
• 3.5.2 IG and PG Model Assumptions
• 3.5.3 Equations of State
• 3.5.4 Model Summary: PG and IG Models
• 3.5.5 The RG (Real Gas) Model
• 3.5.6 RG Model Assumptions
• 3.5.7 Compressibility Charts
• 3.5.8 Other Equations of State
• 3.5.9 Model Summary: RG Model
• 3.6 Mixture Models
• 3.6.1 Vacuum
• 3.7 Standard Reference State and Reference Values
• 3.8 Selection of a Model
• 3.9 Closure
• Chapter 4 Mass, Energy, and Entropy Analysis of Open-Steady Systems
• 4.1 Governing Equations and Device Efficiencies
• 4.1.1 TEST and the Open-Steady TESTcalcs
• 4.1.2 Energetic Efficiency
• 4.1.3 Internally Reversible System
• 4.1.4 Isentropic Efficiency
• 4.2 Comprehensive Analysis
• 4.2.1 Pipes, Ducts, or Tubes
• 4.2.2 Nozzles and Diffusers
• 4.2.3 Turbines
• 4.2.4 Compressors, Fans, and Pumps
• 4.2.5 Throttling Valves
• 4.2.6 Heat Exchangers
• 4.2.7 TEST and the Multi-Flow, Non-Mixing TESTcalcs
• 4.2.8 Mixing Chambers and Separators
• 4.2.9 TEST and the Multi-Flow, Mixing TESTcalcs
• 4.3 Closure
• Chapter 5 Mass, Energy, and Entropy Analysis of Unsteady Systems
• 5.1 Unsteady Processes
• 5.1.1 Closed Processes
• 5.1.2 TEST and the Closed-Process TESTcalcs
• 5.1.3 Energetic Efficiency and Reversibility
• 5.1.4 Uniform Closed Processes
• 5.1.5 Non-Uniform Systems
• 5.1.6 TEST and the Non-Uniform Closed-Process TESTcalcs
• 5.1.7 Open Processes
• 5.1.8 TEST and Open-Process TESTcalcs
• 5.2 Transient Analysis
• 5.2.1 Closed-Transient Systems
• 5.2.2 Isolated Systems
• 5.2.3 Mechanical Systems
• 5.2.4 Open-Transient Systems
• 5.3 Differential Processes
• 5.4 Thermodynamic Cycle as a Closed Process
• 5.4.1 Origin of Internal Energy
• 5.4.2 Clausius Inequality and Entropy
• 5.5 Closure
• Chapter 6 Exergy Balance Equation: Application to Steady and Unsteady Systems
• 6.1 Exergy Balance Equation
• 6.1.1 Exergy, Reversible Work, and Irreversibility
• 6.1.2 TESTcalcs for Exergy Analysis
• 6.2 Closed-Steady Systems
• 6.2.1 Exergy Analysis of Cycles
• 6.3 Open-Steady Systems
• 6.4 Closed Processes
• 6.5 Open Processes
• 6.6 Closure
• Chapter 7 Reciprocating Closed Power Cycles
• 7.1 The Closed Carnot Heat Engine
• 7.1.1 Significance of the Carnot Engine
• 7.2 IC Engine Terminology
• 7.3 Air-Standard Cycles
• 7.3.1 TEST and the Reciprocating Cycle TESTcalcs
• 7.4 Otto Cycle
• 7.4.1 Cycle Analysis
• 7.4.2 Qualitative Performance Predictions
• 7.4.3 Fuel Consideration
• 7.5 Diesel Cycle
• 7.5.1 Cycle Analysis
• 7.5.2 Fuel Consideration
• 7.6 Dual Cycle
• 7.7 Atkinson and Miller Cycles
• 7.8 Stirling Cycle
• 7.9 Two-Stroke Cycle
• 7.10 Fuels
• 7.11 Closure
• Chapter 8 Open Gas Power Cycle
• 8.1 The Gas Turbine
• 8.2 The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle
• 8.2.1 TEST and the Open Gas Power Cycle TESTcalcs
• 8.2.2 Fuel Consideration
• 8.2.3 Qualitative Performance Predictions
• 8.2.4 Irreversibilities in an Actual Cycle
• 8.2.5 Exergy Accounting of Brayton Cycle
• 8.3 Gas Turbine with Regeneration
• 8.4 Gas Turbine with Reheat
• 8.5 Gas Turbine with Intercooling and Reheat
• 8.6 Regenerative Gas Turbine with Reheat and Intercooling
• 8.7 Gas Turbines For Jet Propulsion
• 8.7.1 The Momentum Balance Equation
• 8.7.2 Jet Engine Performance
• 8.7.3 Air-Standard Cycle for Turbojet Analysis
• 8.8 Other Forms of Jet Propulsion
• 8.9 Closure
• Chapter 9 Open Vapor Power Cycles
• 9.1 The Steam Power Plant
• 9.2 The Rankine Cycle
• 9.2.1 Carbon Footprint
• 9.2.2 TEST and the Open Vapor Power Cycle TESTcalcs
• 9.2.3 Qualitative Performance Predictions
• 9.2.4 Parametric Study of the Rankine Cycle
• 9.2.5 Irreversibilities in an Actual Cycle
• 9.2.6 Exergy Accounting of Rankine Cycle
• 9.3 Modification of Rankine Cycle
• 9.3.1 Reheat Rankine Cycle
• 9.3.2 Regenerative Rankine Cycle
• 9.4 Cogeneration
• 9.5 Binary Vapor Cycle
• 9.6 Combined Cycle
• 9.7 Closure
• Chapter 10 Refrigeration Cycles
• 10.1 Refrigerators and Heat Pump
• 10.2 Test and the Refrigeration Cycle TESTcalcs
• 10.3 Vapor-Refrigeration Cycles
• 10.3.1 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
• 10.3.2 Vapor Compression Cycle
• 10.3.3 Analysis of an Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
• 10.3.4 Qualitative Performance Predictions
• 10.3.5 Actual Vapor-Compression Cycle
• 10.3.6 Components of a Vapor-Compression Plant
• 10.3.7 Exergy Accounting of Vapor Compression Cycle
• 10.3.8 Refrigerant Selection
• 10.3.9 Cascade Refrigeration Systems
• 10.3.10 Multistage Refrigeration with Flash Chamber
• 10.4 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
• 10.5 Gas Refrigeration Cycles
• 10.5.1 Reversed Brayton Cycle
• 10.5.2 Linde-Hampson Cycle
• 10.6 Heat Pump Systems
• 10.7 Closure
• Chapter 11 Evaluation of Properties: Thermodynamic Relations
• 11.1 Thermodynamic Relations
• 11.1.1 The Tds Relations
• 11.1.2 Partial Differential Relations
• 11.1.3 The Maxwell Relations
• 11.1.4 The Clapeyron Equation
• 11.1.5 The Clapeyron-Clausius Equation
• 11.2 Evaluation of Properties
• 11.2.1 Internal Energy
• 11.2.2 Enthalpy
• 11.2.3 Entropy
• 11.2.4 Volume Expansivity and Compressibility
• 11.2.5 Specific Heats
• 11.2.6 Joule-Thompson Coefficient
• 11.3 The Real Gas (RG) Model
• 11.4 Mixture Models
• 11.4.1 Mixture Composition
• 11.4.2 Mixture TESTcalcs
• 11.4.3 PG and IG Mixture Models
• 11.4.4 Mass, Energy, and Entropy Equations for IG-Mixtures
• 11.4.5 Real Gas Mixture Model
• 11.5 Closure
• Chapter 12 Psychrometry
• 12.1 The Moist Air Model
• 12.1.1 Model Assumptions
• 12.1.2 Saturation Processes
• 12.1.3 Absolute and Relative Humidity
• 12.1.4 Dry- and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
• 12.1.5 Moist Air (Ma ) TESTcalcs
• 12.1.6 More Properties of Moist Air
• 12.2 Mass and Energy Balance Equations
• 12.2.1 Open-Steady Device
• 12.2.2 Closed Process
• 12.3 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperature
• 12.4 Psychrometric Chart
• 12.5 Air-Conditioning Processes
• 12.5.1 Simple Heating or Cooling
• 12.5.2 Heating with Humidification
• 12.5.3 Cooling with Dehumidification
• 12.5.4 Evaporative Cooling
• 12.5.5 Adiabatic Mixing
• 12.5.6 Wet Cooling Tower
• 12.6 Closure
• Chapter 13 Combustion
• 13.1 Combustion Reaction
• 13.1.1 Combustion TESTcalcs
• 13.1.2 Fuels
• 13.1.3 Air
• 13.1.4 Combustion Products
• 13.2 System Analysis
• 13.3 Open-Steady Device
• 13.3.1 Enthalpy of Formation
• 13.3.2 Energy Analysis
• 13.3.3 Entropy Analysis
• 13.3.4 Exergy Analysis
• 13.3.5 Isothermal Combustion—Fuel Cells
• 13.3.6 Adiabatic Combustion—Power Plants
• 13.4 Closed Process
• 13.5 Combustion Efficiencies
• 13.6 Closure
• Chapter 14 Equilibrium
• 14.1 Criteria for Equilibrium
• 14.2 Equilibrium of Gas Mixtures
• 14.3 Phase Equilibrium
• 14.3.1 Osmotic Pressure and Desalination
• 14.4 Chemical Equilibrium
• 14.4.1 Equilibrium TESTcalcs
• 14.4.2 Equilibrium Composition
• 14.4.3 Significance of Equilibrium Constant
• 14.5 Closure
• Chapter 15 Gas Dynamics
• 15.1 One-Dimensional Flow
• 15.1.1 Static, Stagnation and Total Properties
• 15.1.2 The Gas Dynamics TESTcalc
• 15.2 Isentropic Flow of a Perfect Gas
• 15.3 Mach Number
• 15.4 Shape of an Isentropic Duct
• 15.5 Isentropic Table for Perfect Gases
• 15.6 Effect of Back Pressure: Converging Nozzle
• 15.7 Effect of Back Pressure: Converging-Diverging Nozzle
• 15.7.1 Normal Shock
• 15.7.2 Normal Shock in a Nozzle
• 15.8 Nozzle and Diffuser Coefficients
• 15.9 Closure
• Appendix A
• Appendix B
• Answers to Key Problems
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• Z