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• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Author
• Part I Foundational Theories
• Chapter 1 Prejudice and Discrimination: Gordon W. Allport | Robert Merton
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• The Definition of Prejudice
• The Nature of Categorization
• In-Groups and Out-Groups
• Why Prejudice Exists and Persists
• Structural Explanations
• Psychological Explanations
• Prejudice in Action
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Additional Contribution: Merton’s Typology
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Prejudice
• Diagram of Merton’s Typology
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Chapter 2 White Privilege: Robert Amico | Peggy McIntosh | Paula Rothenberg | Tim Wise
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• Whiteness
• Facets of White Privilege
• Opportunities Received
• Lack of Authority Enforcement
• White Ethnocentric Curriculum
• Racial Segregation
• Pattern of Laws
• Confronting and Accepting White Privilege
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of White Privilege
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Chapter 3 White Supremacy: Charles W. Mills | Andrea Smith | hephzibah v. strmic-pawl
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• Racing Space
• Racing the Individual
• Evolution of the Racial Contract
• Enforcement of the Racial Contract
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Additional Contributions to White Supremacy Theory: Smith and strmic-pawl
• Smith: Heteropatriarchy and the Three Pillars of White Supremacy
• strmic-pawl: The White Supremacy Flower
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Mills’ Theory of the Racial Contract
• Diagram of Smith’s Theory of the Three Pillars of White Supremacy
• Diagram of strmic-pawl’s White Supremacy Flower
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Part II Micro-Level Theories
• Chapter 4 Implicit Bias: Mahzarin Banaji | Anthony Greenwald | Brian Nosek
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• Implicit Versus Explicit
• The Implicit Association Test
• Interpreting the IAT
• IAT Results: Your Culture or You?
• The Origins of Implicit Cognition
• Implicit Bias and Action
• The IAT Website
• Changes and Improvements to the IAT
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Implicit Bias
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Chapter 5 Microaggressions: Derald Wing Sue
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• Types of Microaggressions
• Processing Microaggressions
• Consequences of Microaggressions
• Microaggressions and the Perpetrator
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Microaggressions
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Part III Macro-Level Theories
• Chapter 6 Racial Formation: Michael Omi | Howard Winant
• Why This Theory
• Ethnicity-Based Theory
• Class-Based Theory
• Nation-Based Theory
• A Theory of Racial Formation
• Description of the Theory
• The State
• The Components of the State
• How Change Occurs
• How the Centrality of Race Is Maintained
• Racial Projects
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Racial Formation
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Chapter 7 Systemic Racism: Joe Feagin
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• White Economic Domination
• The White Racial Frame
• Alienated Social Relations and the Racial Hierarchy
• Related Racial Domination
• Whites’ Unjust Enrichment
• Constant Struggle and Resistance
• Systemic Racism Across Time
• Era 1: Systemic Racism During Slavery
• Era 2: Systemic Racism During Segregation
• Era 3: Contemporary Racial Realities
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Systemic Racism
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Chapter 8 Critical Race Theory: Derrick Bell
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• Race Is a Social Construction
• Racism Is a Regular Part of Society
• Whiteness and Racism Provide Direct Rewards to Whites
• The Importance of Intersectionality and Anti-Essentialism
• People of Color Have a Unique, Valuable Perspective
• Narrative and Legal Storytelling Are Important Tools
• Critical Race Theory: Faces at the Bottom of the Well by Derrick Bell
• Chapter 1: Racial Symbols: A Limited Legacy
• Chapter 2: The Afrolantica Awakening
• Chapter 3: The Racial Preference Licensing Act
• Chapter 4: The Last Black Hero
• Chapter 5: Divining a Racial Realism Theory
• Chapter 6: The Rules of Racial Standing
• Chapter 7: A Law Professor’s Protest
• Chapter 8: Racism’s Secret Bonding
• Chapter 9: The Space Traders
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Critical Race Theory
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Part IV From “Old Racism” to “New Racism”
• Chapter 9 Laissez-Faire Racism: Lawrence Bobo | James Kluegel | Ryan Smith
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• The Fall of Jim Crow Racism
• Prejudice as Group Position
• The Persistence of Widespread Racism
• Laissez-Faire Racism
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Laissez-Faire Racism
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Chapter 10 Structure and Culture: William Julius Wilson
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• Structure
• Culture
• Structure Plus Culture
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Structure Plus Culture
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Chapter 11 Color-Blind Racism: Eduardo Bonilla-Silva
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• Color-Blind Racism
• Frames
• Styles
• Stories
• White Habitus
• Is Color-Blind Racism Universal?
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Color-Blind Racism
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Part V More Than Race
• Chapter 12 Colorism: Evelyn Nakano Glenn | Ronald Hall | Margaret Hunter | Kimberly Norwood
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• Historical Origins of Light-Skin Valorization
• Interracial and Intraracial Colorism
• Interracial Colorism
• Intraracial Colorism
• Gendered Colorism
• Colorism and Multiraciality
• Measuring Colorism
• The Effects of Colorism on a Macro Level
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Colorism
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Chapter 13 Intersectionality: Kimberlé Crenshaw
• Why This Theory
• Description of the Theory
• The Foundations of Intersectionality
• Structural Intersectionality
• Political Intersectionality
• Representational Intersectionality
• Intersectionality and the Relationship to Identity Politics and Anti-Essentialism
• The Expansion of Intersectionality
• How to Challenge Racism
• By the Numbers
• Evaluation
• Methodological Benefits
• Methodological Limitations
• Theoretical Benefits
• Theoretical Limitations
• Conclusion
• Reflect and Discuss
• Diagram of Intersectionality
• Key Terms
• Key People
• Works Cited and Further Reading
• Notes
• Index