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• Author biography
• Series
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of Features
• List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• 1 What is the European Union?
• The EU in context
• The dynamics of regional integration
• Explaining the EU today
• The EU as a federal system
• The EU as a confederal system
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 2 The Idea of Europe
• The origins of Europe
• Early thoughts on European unity
• Where is Europe?
• Who are the Europeans?
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 3 The Evolution of the EU
• Post-war Europe
• First steps towards integration (1948–55)
• The European Economic Community (1955–86)
• Focus on the single market (1986–92)
• From Community to Union (1992–2003)
• The EU looks east (2003–13)
• The era of crisis
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 4 The European Institutions
• A constitution for Europe
• The European Council
• The European Commission
• The Council of the European Union
• The European Parliament
• The European Court of Justice
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 5 The EU and its Citizens
• The democratic deficit
• Public opinion and the EU
• Euroscepticism
• European citizenship
• Participation and representation
• European elections
• Referendums
• Interest groups
• Other channels
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 6 The EU Policy Process
• The changing balance of authority
• The EU policy environment
• The policy cycle
• Agenda-setting
• Formulation
• Adoption
• Legitimation
• Implementation
• Evaluation
• Features of EU policy
• Compromise and bargaining
• Political games
• Incrementalism
• Differentiated integration
• Spillover
• The EU budget
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 7 Economic Policy
• The EU economy in its global context
• Foundations of the single market
• Effects of the single market
• European business and the single market
• Competition policy
• Inside the euro zone
• Crisis in the euro zone
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 8 Internal Policies
• Cohesion policy
• Employment and social policy
• Agriculture and fisheries
• Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
• Environmental policy and climate change
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• 9 The EU in the World
• The changing global system
• Foreign policy
• Security and defence policy
• Trade policy
• Relations with the United States
• Relations with the neighbourhood
• Relations with China
• Development cooperation
• Conclusions
• Further Reading
• Conclusions
• Appendix 1: Europe in Numbers
• Appendix 2: A Chronology of European Integration
• Appendix 3: Specialized Institutions of the European Union
• Appendix 4: Sources of Further Information
• Bibliography
• Index