Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Readership
• Acknowledgements
• Notation
• Abbreviations
• Authors
• 1. Introduction
• 1.1 What is urban drainage?
• 1.2 Effects of urbanisation
• 1.3 Urban drainage priorities
• 1.3.1 Public health
• 1.3.2 Minimising adverse impacts
• 1.4 History
• 1.4.1 Ancient civilisations
• 1.4.2 Ancient to modern
• 1.4.3 London
• 1.5 Geography
• 1.6 Types of system
• 1.6.1 Combined systems
• 1.6.2 Separate systems
• 1.6.3 Hybrid and partially separate systems
• 1.6.4 Non-pipe systems
• 1.7 Urban water system
• 1.8 Changing context
• Problems
• Key source
• References
• 2. Water quality
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Basics
• 2.2.1 Strength
• 2.2.2 Equivalent concentrations
• 2.3 Parameters
• 2.3.1 Sampling and analysis
• 2.3.2 Solids
• 2.3.2.1 Gross solids
• 2.3.2.2 Grit
• 2.3.2.3 Suspended solids
• 2.3.2.4 Volatile solids
• 2.3.3 Oxygen
• 2.3.3.1 Dissolved oxygen
• 2.3.4 Organic compounds
• 2.3.4.1 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
• 2.3.4.2 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
• 2.3.4.3 Total organic carbon (TOC)
• 2.3.5 Nitrogen
• 2.3.5.1 Organic nitrogen (org.N)
• 2.3.5.2 Ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N)
• 2.3.5.3 Nitrite and nitrate nitrogen (NO–2 – N, NO–3 –N)
• 2.3.6 Phosphorus
• 2.3.7 Sulphur
• 2.3.8 Hydrocarbons
• 2.3.9 FOG
• 2.3.10 Heavy metals and synthetic compounds
• 2.3.11 Micro-organisms
• 2.3.12 Priority substances
• 2.4 Processes
• 2.4.1 Hydrolysis
• 2.4.2 Aerobic degradation
• 2.4.2.1 Nitrification
• 2.4.3 Denitrification
• 2.4.4 Anaerobic degradation
• 2.5 Receiving water impacts
• 2.5.1 Emissions
• 2.5.2 Processes
• 2.5.3 Impacts
• 2.5.3.1 DO depletion
• 2.5.3.2 Eutrophication
• 2.5.3.3 Toxics
• 2.5.3.4 Public health
• 2.5.3.5 Aesthetics
• 2.6 Receiving water standards
• 2.6.1 Legislation and regulatory regime
• 2.6.1.1 Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
• 2.6.1.2 Bathing Water Directive
• 2.6.1.3 Water Framework Directive
• 2.6.1.4 Marine Strategy Framework Directive
• 2.6.2 Permitting intermittent discharges
• 2.6.3 Environmental quality standards
• 2.6.3.1 Aquatic life standards
• 2.6.3.2 Shellfish standards
• 2.6.3.3 Bathing standards
• 2.6.3.4 Amenity standards
• 2.7 Urban Pollution Management (UPM)
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 3. Wastewater
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Domestic
• 3.2.1 Water use
• 3.2.1.1 Climate
• 3.2.1.2 Demography
• 3.2.1.3 Socio-economic factors
• 3.2.1.4 Development type
• 3.2.1.5 Extent of metering and water conservation measures
• 3.2.1.6 Quantification
• 3.2.2 Water–wastewater relationship
• 3.2.3 Temporal variability
• 3.2.3.1 Long term
• 3.2.3.2 Annual
• 3.2.3.3 Weekly
• 3.2.3.4 Diurnal
• 3.2.4 Appliances
• 3.3 Non-domestic
• 3.3.1 Commercial
• 3.3.2 Industrial
• 3.4 Infiltration and inflow
• 3.4.1 Problems
• 3.4.2 Quantification
• 3.4.3 Exfiltration
• 3.5 Wastewater quality
• 3.5.1 Pollutant sources
• 3.5.1.1 Human excreta
• 3.5.1.2 Toilet/WC
• 3.5.1.3 Food
• 3.5.1.4 Washing/laundry
• 3.5.1.5 Industry
• 3.5.1.6 Carriage water and groundwater
• 3.5.2 Pollutant levels
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 4. Rainfall
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Measurement
• 4.2.1 Rain gauges
• 4.2.1.1 Siting
• 4.2.2 Radar
• 4.2.3 Satellites
• 4.2.4 Data requirements
• 4.3 Analysis
• 4.3.1 Basics
• 4.3.2 IDF relationships
• 4.3.2.1 Definition
• 4.3.2.2 Derivation
• 4.3.2.3 IDFs in practice
• 4.3.3 Wallingford Procedure
• 4.3.4 Areal extent
• 4.3.5 Flood Estimation Handbook
• 4.4 Single events
• 4.4.1 Synthetic design storms
• 4.4.2 Historical single events
• 4.4.3 Critical input hyetograph (Superstorm)
• 4.5 Multiple events
• 4.5.1 Historical time series
• 4.5.1.1 Annual time series
• 4.5.2 Synthetic time series
• 4.5.2.1 Synthetic series
• 4.5.2.2 Stochastic rainfall generation
• 4.5.2.3 Stochastic disaggregation models
• 4.6 Climate change
• 4.6.1 Causes
• 4.6.2 Future trends
• 4.6.3 Design rainfall under climate change
• 4.6.4 Implications
• 4.6.5 Solutions
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 5. Stormwater
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Runoff generation
• 5.2.1 Initial losses
• 5.2.1.1 Interception and wetting losses
• 5.2.1.2 Depression storage
• 5.2.1.3 Representation
• 5.2.2 Continuing losses
• 5.2.2.1 Evapo-transpiration
• 5.2.2.2 Infiltration
• 5.2.2.3 Representation
• 5.2.3 Fixed runoff equation
• 5.2.3.1 PIMP
• 5.2.3.2 SOIL
• 5.2.3.3 UCWI
• 5.2.3.4 Limitations
• 5.2.4 Variable runoff equation
• 5.2.4.1 Impervious area runoff
• 5.2.4.2 Pervious area runoff
• 5.2.5 UK Water Industry Research runoff equation
• 5.3 Overland flow
• 5.3.1 Unit hydrographs
• 5.3.2 Synthetic unit hydrographs
• 5.3.3 Time–area diagrams
• 5.3.4 Reservoir models
• 5.3.5 Kinematic wave
• 5.4 Stormwater quality
• 5.4.1 Pollutant sources
• 5.4.1.1 Atmospheric pollution
• 5.4.1.2 Vehicles
• 5.4.1.3 Buildings and roads
• 5.4.1.4 Animals
• 5.4.1.5 De-icing
• 5.4.1.6 Urban debris
• 5.4.1.7 Spills/leaks
• 5.4.2 Surface pollutants
• 5.4.3 Pollutant levels
• 5.4.4 Representation
• 5.4.4.1 Event mean concentrations
• 5.4.4.2 Regression equations
• 5.4.4.3 Buildup
• 5.4.4.4 Washoff
• 5.4.5 Sewer misconnections
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 6. System components and layout
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Building drainage
• 6.2.1 Soil and waste drainage
• 6.2.1.1 Inside
• 6.2.1.2 Outside
• 6.2.1.3 Components
• 6.2.1.4 Layout
• 6.2.2 Roof drainage
• 6.3 System components
• 6.3.1 Sewers
• 6.3.1.1 Vertical alignment
• 6.3.1.2 Horizontal alignment
• 6.3.2 Manholes
• 6.3.3 Gully inlets
• 6.3.4 Ventilation
• 6.4 Design
• 6.4.1 Stages
• 6.4.2 Sewers for adoption
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 7. Hydraulics
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Basic principles
• 7.2.1 Pressure
• 7.2.2 Continuity of flow
• 7.2.3 Flow classification
• 7.2.4 Laminar and turbulent flow
• 7.2.5 Energy and head
• 7.3 Pipe flow
• 7.3.1 Head (energy) losses
• 7.3.2 Friction losses
• 7.3.3 Friction factor
• 7.3.4 Wallingford charts and tables
• 7.3.4.1 Charts
• 7.3.4.2 Tables
• 7.3.5 Approximate equations
• 7.3.6 Roughness
• 7.3.7 Local losses
• 7.4 Part-full pipe flow
• 7.4.1 Normal depth
• 7.4.2 Geometric and hydraulic elements
• 7.4.3 Butler-Pinkerton charts
• 7.4.4 Non-circular sections
• 7.4.5 Surcharge
• 7.4.6 Velocity profiles
• 7.4.7 Minimum velocity
• 7.4.8 Minimum shear stress
• 7.4.9 Maximum velocity
• 7.5 Open-channel flow
• 7.5.1 Uniform flow
• 7.5.1.1 Manning’s equation
• 7.5.2 Nonuniform flow
• 7.5.3 Specific energy
• 7.5.4 Critical, subcritical, and supercritical flow
• 7.5.5 Gradually varied flow
• 7.5.6 Rapidly varied flow
• Problems
• Key source
• References
• 8. Hydraulic features
• 8.1 Flow controls
• 8.1.1 Orifice plate
• 8.1.2 Penstock
• 8.1.3 Vortex regulator
• 8.1.4 Throttle pipe
• 8.1.5 Flap valve
• 8.1.6 Summary of characteristics of flow control devices
• 8.2 Weirs
• 8.2.1 Transverse weirs
• 8.2.2 Side weirs
• 8.3 Sewer drops
• 8.3.1 Vortex drop shafts
• 8.3.2 Other sewer drop arrangements
• 8.4 Inverted siphons
• 8.5 Gully spacing
• 8.5.1 Road channel flow
• 8.5.2 Gully hydraulic efficiency
• 8.5.3 Spacing
• 8.5.3.1 Intermediate gullies
• 8.5.3.2 Initial gullies
• 8.5.3.3 Potential optimisation
• 8.6 Culverts
• 8.6.1 Culverts in urban drainage
• 8.6.2 Flow cases
• Problems
• References
• 9. Foul sewers
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.1.1 Flow regime
• 9.2 Design
• 9.2.1 Choice of design period
• 9.2.2 Criterion of satisfactory service
• 9.3 Large sewers
• 9.3.1 Flow patterns
• 9.3.2 Dry weather flow
• 9.3.3 Domestic flow (PG)
• 9.3.3.1 Population (P)
• 9.3.3.2 Per capita water consumption (G)
• 9.3.4 Infiltration (I)
• 9.3.4.1 Measurement
• 9.3.4.2 Prevention
• 9.3.5 Non-domestic flows (E)
• 9.3.6 Peak flow
• 9.3.7 Design criteria
• 9.3.7.1 Capacity
• 9.3.7.2 Self-cleansing
• 9.3.7.3 Roughness
• 9.3.7.4 Minimum pipe sizes
• 9.3.8 Design method
• 9.4 Small sewers
• 9.4.1 Discharge unit method
• 9.4.1.1 Probabilistic framework
• 9.4.1.2 Design criterion
• 9.4.1.3 Mixed appliances
• 9.4.2 Design criteria
• 9.4.3 Choice of methods
• 9.5 Solids transport
• 9.5.1 Large sewers
• 9.5.2 Small sewers
• 9.5.3 Sewer blockage
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 10. Storm sewers
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.1.1 Flow regime
• 10.2 Design
• 10.2.1 Design storm
• 10.2.2 Optimal design
• 10.2.3 Return period and design life probability of exceedance
• 10.3 Contributing area
• 10.3.1 Catchment area measurement
• 10.3.2 Land use
• 10.3.3 Urban creep
• 10.3.4 Runoff coefficient
• 10.3.5 Time of concentration
• 10.3.5.1 Time of entry
• 10.3.5.2 Time of flow
• 10.4 Rational Method
• 10.4.1 Steady-state runoff
• 10.4.2 Critical rainfall intensity
• 10.4.2.1 Small areas
• 10.4.3 Modified Rational Method
• 10.4.3.1 Volumetric runoff coefficient (Cv)
• 10.4.3.2 Dimensionless routing coefficient (CR)
• 10.4.4 Design criteria
• 10.4.4.1 Capacity
• 10.4.4.2 Self-cleansing
• 10.4.4.3 Roughness
• 10.4.4.4 Minimum pipe sizes
• 10.4.5 Design method
• 10.4.6 Limitations
• 10.5 Time-area method
• 10.5.1 The need
• 10.5.2 Basic diagram
• 10.5.3 Diagram construction
• 10.6 Hydrograph methods
• 10.6.1 Time-Area Method
• 10.6.1.1 Limitations
• 10.6.2 Level pool routing method
• 10.6.3 Limitations
• 10.7 Undeveloped site runoff
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 11. Flooding
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Exceedance
• 11.2.1 Systems interface
• 11.2.2 Exceedance flow
• 11.3 Standards
• 11.4 Flood risk
• 11.4.1 Flood damage
• 11.4.1.1 Flood depth
• 11.4.2 Risk assessment
• 11.5 Management
• 11.5.1 Options
• 11.5.2 Surface flow features
• 11.5.2.1 Gully inlets
• 11.5.2.2 Surface pathways
• 11.5.2.3 Surface storage
• 11.5.2.4 Safety
• 11.5.3 Flood protection of buildings
• 11.5.3.1 Layout
• 11.5.3.2 Fabric
• 11.6 Flood resilience
• 11.6.1 Properties
• 11.6.2 Performance
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 12. Combined sewers and combined sewer overflows
• 12.1 Background
• 12.2 System flows
• 12.2.1 Low flow rates
• 12.3 The role of CSOs
• 12.3.1 Flow and pollutants
• 12.3.2 First foul flush
• 12.4 Control of pollution from combined sewer systems
• 12.4.1 CSO settings and permits
• 12.4.1.1 Technical Committee Formula A
• 12.4.1.2 Scottish Development Department (SDD)
• 12.4.1.3 Urban pollution management
• 12.4.2 Monitoring
• 12.5 Approaches to CSO design
• 12.5.1 High side weir
• 12.5.1.1 Principles
• 12.5.1.2 Dimensions and layout
• 12.5.2 Screens
• 12.5.2.1 Principles
• 12.5.2.2 Development
• 12.5.2.3 Dimensions and layout
• 12.5.3 Stilling pond
• 12.5.3.1 Principles
• 12.5.3.2 Development
• 12.5.3.3 Dimensions and layout
• 12.5.4 Hydrodynamic vortex separator
• 12.5.4.1 Principles
• 12.5.4.2 Development
• 12.5.4.3 Dimensions and layout
• 12.5.5 Storage
• 12.5.5.1 Principles
• 12.5.5.2 Development
• 12.5.5.3 Dimensions and layout
• 12.6 Effectiveness of CSOs
• 12.6.1 Performance measures
• 12.6.2 Role of CFD
• 12.6.3 Gross solids
• 12.6.4 Choice of CSO design
• 12.7 CSO design details
• 12.7.1 Diameter of inflow pipe
• 12.7.2 Creating good inlet flow conditions
• 12.7.3 Weirs
• 12.7.4 Selecting, sizing, and accommodating the screen
• 12.7.5 Control of outflow
• 12.7.6 Chamber invert
• 12.7.7 Design return period
• 12.7.8 Top water level
• 12.7.9 Access
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 13. Storage
• 13.1 Function of storage
• 13.2 Overall design
• 13.2.1 Online
• 13.2.2 Offline
• 13.2.3 Flow control
• 13.3 Sizing
• 13.3.1 Preliminary storage sizing
• 13.3.2 Storage routing
• 13.4 Level pool (or reservoir) routing
• 13.5 Alternative routing procedure
• Problems
• References
• 14. Pumped systems
• 14.1 Why use a pumping system?
• 14.2 General arrangement of a pumping system
• 14.3 Hydraulic design
• 14.3.1 Pump characteristics
• 14.3.2 System characteristics
• 14.3.3 Power
• 14.3.4 Pumps in parallel
• 14.3.5 Suction and delivery pipes
• 14.4 Rising mains
• 14.4.1 Differences from gravity sewers
• 14.4.1.1 Hydraulic gradient
• 14.4.1.2 Flow is not continuous
• 14.4.1.3 Power input
• 14.4.1.4 The pipes are under pressure
• 14.4.2 Design features
• 14.4.3 Surge
• 14.5 Types of pump
• 14.6 Pumping station design
• 14.6.1 Main elements
• 14.6.1.1 Wet well–dry well
• 14.6.1.2 Wet well only
• 14.6.2 Number of pumps
• 14.6.3 Control
• 14.6.4 Sump volume
• 14.6.5 Flow arrangements
• 14.6.6 Maintenance
• 14.6.7 Energy demands
• 14.7 Non-gravity systems
• 14.8 Energy use
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 15. Structural design and construction
• 15.1 Types of construction
• 15.2 Pipes
• 15.2.1 General
• 15.2.2 Materials
• 15.2.2.1 Clay
• 15.2.2.2 Concrete
• 15.2.2.3 Ductile iron
• 15.2.2.4 Steel
• 15.2.2.5 Unplasticised PVC (PVC-U)
• 15.2.2.6 Polyethylene (PE)
• 15.2.2.7 Other materials
• 15.2.2.8 Sizes
• 15.2.3 Pipe joints
• 15.2.3.1 Spigot and socket
• 15.2.3.2 Sleeve
• 15.2.3.3 Bolted flange joints
• 15.2.3.4 Fusion jointing
• 15.3 Structural design
• 15.3.1 Introduction
• 15.3.2 Rigid pipeline design
• 15.3.2.1 Soil load, Wc
• 15.3.2.2 Concentrated surcharge load
• 15.3.2.3 Liquid load
• 15.3.2.4 Strength
• 15.4 Site investigation
• 15.5 Open-trench construction
• 15.5.1 Excavation
• 15.5.2 Pipe laying
• 15.6 TunnelLing
• 15.6.1 Lining
• 15.6.1.1 Primary lining
• 15.6.1.2 Secondary lining
• 15.6.2 Ground treatment and control of groundwater
• 15.6.2.1 Dewatering
• 15.6.2.2 Ground freezing
• 15.6.2.3 Injection of grouts or chemicals
• 15.6.2.4 Compressed air
• 15.6.3 Excavation
• 15.7 Trenchless methods
• 15.7.1 Pipejacking
• 15.7.2 Microtunnelling
• 15.7.3 Auger boring
• 15.7.3.1 Directional drilling (DD)
• 15.7.3.2 Impact moling
• 15.7.3.3 Pipe ramming
• 15.7.3.4 Timber headings
• 15.8 Costs
• 15.8.1 Construction costs
• 15.8.2 Carbon accounting
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• British Standards
• 16. Sediments
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Origins
• 16.2.1 Definition
• 16.2.2 Sources
• 16.3 Effects
• 16.3.1 Problems
• 16.3.2 Hydraulic
• 16.3.2.1 Suspension
• 16.3.2.2 Geometry
• 16.3.2.3 Bed roughness
• 16.3.3 Pollutional
• 16.4 Transport
• 16.4.1 Entrainment
• 16.4.2 Transport
• 16.4.3 Deposition
• 16.4.4 Sediment beds and bed-load transport
• 16.5 Characteristics
• 16.5.1 Deposited sediment
• 16.5.1.1 Physical characteristics
• 16.5.1.2 Chemical characteristics
• 16.5.1.3 Significance of deposits
• 16.5.2 Mobile sediment
• 16.5.2.1 Suspension
• 16.5.2.2 Near-bed
• 16.5.2.3 Granular bed-load
• 16.5.2.4 Particle size
• 16.6 Self-cleansing design
• 16.6.1 Velocity based
• 16.6.2 Tractive force based
• 16.6.3 The CIRIA method
• 16.6.3.1 Self-cleansing
• 16.6.3.2 Movement criteria
• 16.6.3.3 Design procedure
• 16.6.3.4 Limitations
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 17. Operation and maintenance
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Maintenance strategies
• 17.2.1 Public health
• 17.2.2 Asset management
• 17.2.3 Maintain hydraulic capacity
• 17.2.4 Minimise pollution
• 17.2.5 Minimise disruption
• 17.2.6 Reactive maintenance
• 17.2.7 Planned maintenance
• 17.2.8 Operational functions
• 17.2.9 Role of design
• 17.2.10 Predicting failure
• 17.3 Sewer location and inspection
• 17.3.1 Applications
• 17.3.2 Frequency
• 17.3.3 Locational survey
• 17.3.4 Closed-circuit television (CCTV)
• 17.3.4.1 Propulsion
• 17.3.4.2 Camera operation
• 17.3.5 Manual inspection
• 17.3.6 Other techniques
• 17.3.6.1 Sonar
• 17.3.6.2 Infrared
• 17.3.6.3 Sewer profiling
• 17.3.6.4 Alternative approaches
• 17.3.7 Data storage and management
• 17.4 Sewer cleaning techniques
• 17.4.1 Objectives
• 17.4.2 Problems
• 17.4.2.1 Gross solids (input)
• 17.4.2.2 FOG/scale (input)
• 17.4.2.3 Sediment (input)
• 17.4.2.4 Defects (system)
• 17.4.2.5 Traps (system)
• 17.4.2.6 Intruding laterals (system)
• 17.4.2.7 Tree roots (system)
• 17.4.3 Cleaning approaches
• 17.4.3.1 Rodding or boring
• 17.4.3.2 Winching or dragging
• 17.4.3.3 Jetting
• 17.4.3.4 Flushing
• 17.4.3.5 Hand excavation
• 17.4.3.6 Invert traps
• 17.4.3.7 Gully pots
• 17.4.4 Comparison of cleaning methods
• 17.4.5 FOG control
• 17.4.5.1 At source
• 17.4.5.2 Recycling
• 17.4.5.3 Chemical treatment
• 17.4.5.4 Bio-augmentation
• 17.5 Ancillary and network equipment maintenance
• 17.6 SuDS
• 17.7 Health and safety
• 17.7.1 Atmospheric hazards
• 17.7.2 Physical injury
• 17.7.3 Infectious diseases
• 17.7.4 Safety equipment
• 17.7.5 Rodent control
• 17.8 Gas generation and control
• 17.8.1 Mechanisms
• 17.8.2 Favourable conditions
• 17.8.3 Sulphide buildup
• 17.8.4 Control
• 17.8.4.1 Sewerage detail design
• 17.8.4.2 Ventilation
• 17.8.4.3 Aeration
• 17.8.4.4 Oxidation
• 17.8.4.5 Chemical addition
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 18. Rehabilitation
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.1.1 The problem
• 18.1.2 Sewerage Rehabilitation Manual
• 18.1.3 The need for rehabilitation
• 18.1.4 Repair, renovation, and replacement
• 18.2 SRM procedure
• 18.2.1 Steps in the procedure
• 18.2.2 Integrated approach
• 18.2.2.1 Hydraulic
• 18.2.2.2 Environmental
• 18.2.2.3 Structural
• 18.2.2.4 Operations and maintenance
• 18.2.2.5 Developing the plan
• 18.2.2.6 Implementation
• 18.3 Methods of structural repair and renovation
• 18.3.1 Man-entry sewers
• 18.3.1.1 Repair
• 18.3.1.2 Renovation
• 18.3.2 Non-man-entry sewers
• 18.3.2.1 Repair
• 18.3.2.2 Renovation
• 18.3.3 Choice of method
• 18.3.4 Associated work
• 18.3.4.1 Laterals
• 18.3.4.2 Cleaning
• 18.3.4.3 Overpumping
• 18.4 Hydraulic rehabilitation
• 18.4.1 Reduce hydraulic inputs to piped system
• 18.4.2 Maximize capabilities of the existing system
• 18.4.3 Adjust system to cause attenuation of peak flows
• 18.4.4 Increase capacity of the system
• 18.5 Balancing cost and risk
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 19. Modelling in practice
• 19.1 Models and urban drainage engineering
• 19.1.1 Development of flow models
• 19.1.2 Model types
• 19.2 Urban drainage models in context
• 19.2.1 The modeller
• 19.2.2 Confidence in the model
• 19.2.3 Model use
• 19.3 Elements of urban drainage models
• 19.3.1 Overview of the components
• 19.3.2 Rainfall
• 19.3.3 Rainfall to runoff
• 19.3.4 Overland flow direct from runoff
• 19.3.5 Dry weather flow
• 19.3.6 Infiltration
• 19.3.7 Surface flooding
• 19.4 Modelling unsteady flow
• 19.4.1 The Saint-Venant equations
• 19.4.2 Simplifications of the full equations
• 19.4.3 Numerical methods of solution
• 19.4.4 Surcharge
• 19.5 Setting up and validating a system model
• 19.5.1 Defining the model purpose and detail
• 19.5.2 Input data
• 19.5.3 Model testing
• 19.5.4 Flow surveys
• 19.5.5 Model calibration/verification against measured flow data
• 19.5.6 Evaluating confidence
• 19.5.7 Documentation
• 19.6 Modelling flooding
• 19.6.1 DTM/DEMs
• 19.6.2 Virtual flood cones
• 19.6.3 One-dimensional–two-dimensional (1D–2D) coupled models
• 19.6.4 Rapid flood spreading models
• 19.7 Water quality modelling
• 19.7.1 The processes to be modelled
• 19.7.2 Wastewater inflow
• 19.7.3 Catchment surface
• 19.7.4 Gully pots
• 19.7.5 Transport through the system
• 19.7.6 Pipe and tank deposits
• 19.8 Modelling pollutant transport
• 19.8.1 Advection/dispersion
• 19.8.2 Completely mixed “tank”
• 19.8.3 Sediment transport
• 19.8.3.1 Mechanics
• 19.8.3.2 Sediment bed
• 19.8.3.3 Solid attachment
• 19.8.4 Gross solids
• 19.9 Modelling pollutant transformation
• 19.9.1 Conservative pollutants
• 19.9.2 Simple decay expressions
• 19.9.3 Complex processes approach
• 19.9.3.1 Oxygen balance
• 19.9.3.2 Reaeration
• 19.9.3.3 Oxygen consumption in the bulk flow
• 19.9.3.4 Oxygen consumption in the biofilm
• 19.9.3.5 Oxygen consumption in the sediment
• 19.10 Using water quality models
• 19.10.1 Model applications
• 19.10.2 Types of sewer quality models
• 19.10.3 Types and complexity of river quality models
• 19.11 Planning an integrated study
• 19.11.1 Components to consider
• 19.11.1.1 Drivers
• 19.11.1.2 Catchment boundary
• 19.11.1.3 Waterbodies
• 19.11.1.4 River modelling approach
• 19.11.1.5 Point source discharges
• 19.11.1.6 Rainfall and evaporation
• 19.11.2 Input data and model calibration/verification
• 19.11.3 Data collection in sewers and receiving waters
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 20. Innovations in modelling
• 20.1 Introduction
• 20.2 Alternative, non-physically based, modelling approaches
• 20.2.1 Empirical models
• 20.2.2 Artificial neural networks
• 20.2.3 Conceptual or meta-models
• 20.2.4 Stochastic models
• 20.3 Integrated modelling
• 20.3.1 Why do we need integrated models?
• 20.3.2 Defining and classifying the level of integration
• 20.3.3 Methods and tools for integrated system modelling and design
• 20.3.4 Integrated control
• 20.3.4.1 Multi-objective optimisation
• 20.4 Coupling models to other models: Emerging standards
• 20.5 Calibration aspects for integrated urban drainage systems
• 20.5.1 Optimisation methods
• 20.6 Uncertainty analysis
• 20.6.1 Types of uncertainty in urban drainage modelling
• 20.6.2 Uncertainty analysis in urban drainage modelling
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 21. Stormwater management (SuDS)
• 21.1 Introduction
• 21.2 Devices
• 21.2.1 Inlet controls
• 21.2.1.1 Blue roofs
• 21.2.1.2 Green roofs
• 21.2.1.3 Rainwater harvesting and water butts
• 21.2.1.4 Paved area ponding
• 21.2.2 Infiltration devices
• 21.2.3 Vegetated surfaces
• 21.2.4 Pervious pavements
• 21.2.5 Filter drains
• 21.2.6 Infiltration basins
• 21.2.7 Detention basins
• 21.2.8 Ponds
• 21.2.9 Constructed wetlands
• 21.3 Elements of design
• 21.3.1 Rainfall
• 21.3.2 Runoff
• 21.3.3 Conveyance
• 21.3.4 Inlets and outlets
• 21.3.5 Storage volume related to inflow and outflow
• 21.3.6 Infiltration from a pervious pavement sub-base
• 21.3.7 Infiltration from a soakaway or infiltration trench
• 21.3.7.1 BRE Digest 365 method
• 21.3.7.2 CIRIA 156 method
• 21.3.8 Water quality
• 21.3.8.1 Mass balance
• 21.3.8.2 Treatment volume
• 21.3.9 Amenity and biodiversity
• 21.3.10 Modelling
• 21.4 SuDS applications
• 21.4.1 Management train
• 21.4.1.1 Retrofit
• 21.5 Issues
• 21.5.1 Long-term performance
• 21.5.1.1 Maintenance
• 21.5.1.2 Adoption
• 21.5.1.3 Costs
• 21.5.1.4 Planning
• 21.5.1.5 Groundwater pollution
• 21.6 Other stormwater management measures
• 21.6.1 Oil separators
• 21.6.1.1 Non-structural measures
• 21.6.1.2 Public attitudes and community engagement
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 22. Smart systems
• 22.1 Introduction
• 22.2 Real-time control
• 22.2.1 Definition
• 22.2.2 Equipment
• 22.2.2.1 Sensors
• 22.2.2.2 Regulators
• 22.2.2.3 Controllers
• 22.2.2.4 Data transmission systems
• 22.2.3 Control
• 22.2.3.1 Classification
• 22.2.3.2 Control loop
• 22.2.3.3 Control strategy
• 22.2.4 Applicability
• 22.2.5 Benefits and drawbacks
• 22.3 Early warning systems
• 22.3.1 Definition and elements
• 22.3.1.1 Risk knowledge
• 22.3.1.2 Monitoring and warning service
• 22.3.1.3 Dissemination
• 22.3.1.4 Emergency response capacity
• 22.3.2 Forecast services
• 22.3.2.1 Flow forecasting models
• 22.3.2.2 Meteorological predictions
• 22.3.2.3 Flood occurrence criteria
• 22.4 Citizen observatories
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 23. Global issues
• 23.1 Introduction
• 23.2 Health
• 23.3 Option selection
• 23.3.1 Sanitation
• 23.3.2 Storm drainage
• 23.4 On-site sanitation
• 23.4.1 Latrines
• 23.4.1.1 Pit latrine
• 23.4.1.2 VIP latrines
• 23.4.1.3 Pour-flush latrines
• 23.4.1.4 Composting latrines
• 23.4.1.5 Communal latrines
• 23.4.2 Septic tank systems
• 23.4.3 Aqua privies
• 23.4.4 Urine diverting dry toilets
• 23.4.5 New technologies
• 23.5 Off-site sanitation
• 23.5.1 Bucket latrines
• 23.5.2 Vault latrines
• 23.5.3 Conventional sewerage
• 23.5.3.1 Septicity
• 23.5.3.2 Blockage
• 23.5.4 Unconventional sewerage
• 23.5.4.1 Simplified sewerage
• 23.5.4.2 Settled sewerage
• 23.6 Storm drainage
• 23.6.1 Flooding
• 23.6.2 Open drainage
• 23.6.2.1 Open channels
• 23.6.2.2 Road-as-drain
• 23.6.3 Closed drainage
• 23.6.3.1 Conventional drainage
• 23.6.3.2 Dual drainage
• 23.6.4 Stormwater management
• 23.7 Grey water management
• 23.7.1 Options
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• 24. Towards sustainable urban water management
• 24.1 Introduction
• 24.1.1 Sustainable development
• 24.1.2 Sustainability
• 24.1.3 Sustainable urban water management
• 24.1.4 Transition states
• 24.2 Sustainability in urban drainage
• 24.2.1 Objectives
• 24.2.2 Strategies
• 24.2.2.1 Water transport
• 24.2.2.2 Mixing of industrial and domestic wastes
• 24.2.2.3 Mixing of stormwater and wastewater
• 24.2.3 Integration
• 24.2.4 Does size matter?
• 24.3 Steps in the right direction
• 24.3.1 Domestic grey water recycling
• 24.3.2 Nutrient recycling
• 24.3.3 Heat recovery
• 24.3.4 Disposal of domestic sanitary waste
• 24.4 Assessing sustainability
• 24.5 Resilience
• 24.5.1 Definitions and objectives
• 24.5.2 Resilience and sustainability
• 24.5.3 Resilience in strategic planning
• 24.6 Urban futures
• Problems
• Key sources
• References
• Index