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• Title Page
• Copyright
• Preface
• Contents in Brief
• Contents
• Process Diagrams
• Geography Insight Features
• Science Tools
• 1: Discovering the Earth’s Dimensions
• The World of Physical Geography
• The Science of Geography
• A World of Systems
• Methods and Tools for Geography
• The Shape of the Earth
• Global Location
• The Geographic Grid
• Latitude and Longitude
• Global Time
• Solar Time
• Standard Time
• The International Date Line
• Daylight Saving Time
• Mapping the Earth
• Map Scales
• Map Projections
• Distortions in Map Projections
• Frontiers in Mapping Technologies
• Remote-Sensing Tools
• Where Geographers CLICK: Remote Sensing
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Video Explorations: Solid Terrain Modeling
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Geobrowsers and 3-D Mapping
• What A Geographer Sees: Visualizing the Earth
• Where Geographers CLICK: Geobrowsers in Action
• 2: The Earth’s Global Energy Balance
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Radiation and Temperature
• Solar Radiation
• Insolation over the Globe
• Daily Insolation
• Seasonal Change
• Annual Insolation by Latitude
• Solar Energy and the Earth’s Atmosphere
• Composition of the Atmosphere
• Video Explorations: The Dimming Sun
• Absorption, Scattering, and Reflection of Insolation
• The Global Energy System
• The Earth’s Energy Output
• Net Radiation and the Global Energy Budget
• Human Impacts on the Global Energy Balance
• What A Geographer Sees: Hazy Asian Atmosphere
• Where Geographers CLICK: The Ozone Layer
• 3: Air Temperature
• Temperature and Heat Flow Processes
• Measuring Temperature
• Energy Transfer
• Latent Heat
• Daily and Annual Cycles of Air Temperature
• The Daily Cycle of Air Temperature
• Annual Cycles of Air Temperature
• Where Geographers CLICK: Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Temperature Analysis
• Land and Water Contrasts
• Temperature by Latitude
• Local Effects on Air Temperature
• Effect of Elevation on Temperature
• Urban and Rural Environments
• What A Geographer Sees: Urban Heat Islands
• World Patterns of Air Temperature
• Air Temperature Maps
• Air Temperature Patterns Around the Globe
• The Temperature Record and Global Warming
• The Temperature Record
• Global Warming
• Where Geographers CLICK: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• Consequences of Global Warming
• Video Exlporation: Global Warming Update
• 4: Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation
• Water and the Hydrosphere
• The Three States of Water
• The Hydrosphere
• The Hydrologic Cycle
• Humidity
• Relative Humidity
• What A Geographer Sees: Temperature and Humidity
• Specific Humidity
• Dew Point
• Adiabatic Processes
• The Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
• The Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate
• Clouds and Fog
• Cloud Formation
• Cloud Forms
• Fog
• Video Explorations: Rainy Days and Weekdays
• Precipitation
• Formation of Precipitation
• Types of Precipitation
• Atmospheric Lifting
• Human Impacts on Clouds and Precipitation
• Acid Rain
• Cloud Cover, Precipitation, and Global Warming
• Where Geographers CLICK: Clouds and Global Climate
• 5: Global Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
• Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude
• Wind Speed and Direction
• Pressure Gradients
• The Coriolis Effect
• The Frictional Force
• Global Wind and Pressure Patterns
• Tropical Circulation
• Midlatitude Circulation
• What A Geographer Sees: Jet Streams and Air Travel
• High-Latitude Circulation
• Global Circulation at Higher Altitudes
• Local Winds
• Daily Cycles of Winds
• Other Topographic Winds
• Where Geographers CLICK: Fire Weather and Santa Ana Winds
• Oceanic Circulation
• Ocean Currents
• Circulation and Energy Transfer
• Cycles in Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
• Video Exploration: El Niño and La Niña
• 6: Weather Systems
• Air Masses
• Source Regions of Air Masses
• Movement of Air Masses
• Fronts
• Cold Fronts
• Warm Fronts
• Occluded and Stationary Fronts
• Midlatitude Cyclones
• Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Systems
• What A Geographer Sees: Anticyclones
• Evolution of a Midlatitude Cyclone
• Weather Changes Within a Midlatitude Cyclone
• Tropical Cyclones
• Anatomy of a Tropical Cyclone
• Formation and Movement of Tropical Cyclones
• Video Exploration: Hurricane Spotters
• Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Damages
• Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
• Thunderstorms and Unstable Air
• Where Geographers CLICK: Thunderstorm Outlook
• Tornadoes
• 7: Global Climates and Climate Change
• Keys to Climate
• Global Temperature Patterns
• Global Precipitation Patterns
• Climate Classification
• Climate Classification Systems
• Climate Groups
• Low-Latitude Climates
• The Wet Equatorial Climate
• The Monsoon and Trade-Wind Coastal Climate
• The Wet-Dry Tropical Climate
• The Dry Tropical Climate
• What A Geographer Sees: Desertification
• Midlatitude Climates
• The Dry Subtropical Climate
• The Moist Subtropical Climate
• The Mediterranean Climate
• The Marine West-Coast Climate
• The Dry Midlatitude Climate
• The Moist Continental Climate
• High-Latitude Climates
• The Boreal Forest Climate
• The Tundra Climate
• Video Exploration: Alaska: The Price of Progress
• The Ice Sheet Climate
• Climate Change
• Shifting Climate Characteristics
• Where Geographers CLICK: Global Monitoring of Climate Change
• Weather Variability
• Future Challenges and Adaptations
• 8: The Earth from the Inside Out
• The Changing Earth
• The Timescale for Geologic Change
• What A Geographer Sees: Radiometric Dating
• Forces of Geologic Change
• The Structure of the Earth
• The Core
• The Mantle
• The Crust and Lithosphere
• Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change
• Igneous Rocks
• Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks
• The Cycle of Rock Change
• Topography of the Earth
• Relief Features of the Continents
• Where Geographers CLICK: Mapping the Earth’s Topography from Space
• Relief Features of the Ocean Basins
• Video Exploration: Born of Fire
• Configuration of the Continents
• 9: Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes
• Plate Tectonics
• Types of Plate Boundaries
• Subduction Zones
• Collision Zones
• Tectonic Activity and Earthquakes
• Faults and Fault Landforms
• What A Geographer Sees: The Basin and Range Province of the Southwestern United States
• Earthquakes
• Video Exploration: When the Earth Shakes
• Tectonic Environments of Earthquakes
• Volcanic Activity and Landforms
• Tectonic Environments of Volcanoes
• Volcanic Eruptions
• Types of Volcanoes
• Where Geographers CLICK: The Alaska Volcano Observatory
• 10: Weathering and Mass Wasting
• Weathering
• How Rocks Disintegrate
• Video Exploration: Erosion
• What A Geographer Sees: Joint Formation
• Physical Weathering
• Chemical Weathering
• Slopes and Slope Processes
• Mass Wasting
• Creep
• Falls
• Slides
• Flows
• Where Geographers CLICK: Post-Wildfire Flows
• Induced Mass Wasting
• 11: Fresh Water of the Continents
• Fresh Water and the Hydrologic Cycle
• Distribution of Fresh Water
• Movement of Fresh Water Through the Hydrologic Cycle
• Ground Water
• The Water Table
• What A Geographer Sees: Hot Springs and Geysers
• Limestone Solution by Ground Water
• Groundwater Use and Management
• Where Geographers CLICK: Groundwater Pollution
• Surface Water and Fluvial Systems
• Drainage Systems
• Stream Channels and Discharge
• Flooding
• Where Geographers CLICK: Flood Forecasting
• Lakes
• Water as a Natural Resource
• Water Access and Supply
• Pollution of Surface Water
• Video Exploration: Volga: The Soul of Russia
• 12: Landforms Made by Running Water
• Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition
• Where Geographers CLICK: Soil Erosion Site
• Slope Erosion
• Stream Erosion
• Stream Transportation
• Deposition
• Video Exploration: The Power of Water
• Stream Gradation and Evolution
• Stream Gradation
• Evolution of Stream Valleys
• Stream Rejuvenation
• Theories of Landscape Evolution
• Fluvial Landforms
• Meandering Streams and Floodplains
• Braided Streams
• Landforms of Flat-Lying Rocks in Arid Climates
• What A Geographer Sees: Badlands
• Deltas
• 13: Landforms Made by Wind and Waves
• Wind Action
• Erosion by Wind
• Transportation by Wind
• Eolian Landforms
• Sand Dunes
• Loess
• The Work of Waves and Tides
• Waves
• What A Geographer Sees: Breaking Waves
• Littoral Drift
• Wave Refraction
• Tides
• Coastal Landforms
• Erosional Coastal Landforms
• Depositional Coastal Landforms
• Coastlines of Submergence
• Coral Reefs
• Human Interactions with Coastal Processes
• Coastal Engineering
• Global Warming and Sea-Level Rise
• Video Exploration: Sinking England
• Where Geographers CLICK: Visualizing Global Sea-Level Rise
• 14: Glacial and Periglacial Landforms
• Types of Glaciers
• Alpine Glaciers
• Ice Sheets
• Where Geographers CLICK: Monitoring the Wilkins Ice Shelf
• Glacial Processes
• Formation of Glaciers
• Movement of Glaciers
• Glacial Erosion and Deposition
• Glacial Landforms
• Landforms Made by Alpine Glaciers
• Landforms Made by Ice Sheets
• Periglacial Processes and Landforms
• Permafrost
• Ground Ice and Periglacial Landforms
• What A Geographer Sees: Ice Wedges
• Human Interactions with Periglacial Environments
• Global Climate and Glaciation
• History of Glaciation
• Triggering the Ice Age
• Cycles of Glaciation
• Glaciation and Global Warming
• Video Exploration: Antarctic Ice
• 15: Global Soils
• Soil Formation
• Components of Soil
• Soil Horizons
• Soil-Forming Processes
• Video Exploration: Mesopotamia
• Factors in Soil Formation
• What A Geographer Sees: Nature’s Soil Engineers
• Soil Properties
• Soil Color
• Soil Texture
• Soil Structure
• Soil Moisture
• Soil Chemistry
• Acidity and Alkalinity
• Colloids
• The Global Distribution of Soils
• Where Geographers CLICK: Understanding Soils
• Soils Characterized by Maturity
• Soils Characterized by Climate Type
• Soils Characterized by Parent Material
• Organic Soils
• 16: Biogeographic Processes
• Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems
• Energy Flows and the Food Chain
• Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Net Primary Production
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• Ecological Biogeography
• Climatic Factors Affecting Ecosystems
• Other Factors Affecting Ecosystems
• Interactions Among Species
• What A Geographer Sees: Positive Effects of Predation
• Ecological Succession
• Primary and Secondary Succession
• Succession, Change, and Equilibrium
• Evolution and Biodiversity
• Evolution
• Dispersal
• Video Exploration: Flying Fossils
• Extinction and Threats to Biodiversity
• Where Geographers CLICK: The IUCN Red List
• 17: Global Biogeography
• Global Vegetation
• Structure and Life-Form of Plants
• Climate and Vegetation Types
• Human Influences on Vegetation
• What A Geographer Sees: Fire Suppression
• Forest Biome
• Low-Latitude Rainforest
• Where Geographers CLICK: Monitoring Deforestation in the Amazon
• Monsoon Forest
• Subtropical Evergreen Forest
• Midlatitude Deciduous Forest
• Needleleaf Forest
• Sclerophyll Forest
• Savanna and Grassland Biomes
• Savanna Biome
• Grassland Biome
• Desert and Tundra Biomes
• Desert Biome
• Video Exploration: China’s Desert
• Tundra Biome
• Appendix
• Answers to Ask Yourself and Put It Together Questions
• Answers to Self-Tests
• Glossary
• Photo Credits
• Line Art Credits
• Index