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• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Introduction
• Origins of the Handbook
• Contents of the Volume
• Final Thoughts
• Section I Women’s Labor-Force Participation in the U.S. Patterns and Issues
• General Patterns of Employment/Unemployment
• Women’s Changing Labor-Force Participation in the U.S.
• Bibliography
• Women and Part-Time Work
• Trends in Part-Time Labor
• Differences According to Work Status
• Part-Time Work as an Occupational Choice
• Consequences and Conclusions
• Bibliography
• Self-Employed Women in the United States
• Self-Employment and Family Responsibilities
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Working-Class Women and Work
• Bibliography
• Young Women at Work
• Bibliography
• Women and Unemployment in the U.S.
• Bibliography
• Women and Retirement in the U.S.
• Bibliography
• Women in the U.S. Labor Movement
• Bibliography
• Women’s Status in American Labor Unions
• The History of Women’s Membership and Representation in Unions
• Union Policies Support for Legislation and Collective Bargaining
• Bibliography
• Intersection of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Work
• African-American Women and Work
• Labor-Force Participation of African-American Women
• Occupational Changes
• Bibliography
• Latinas in the U.S. Labor Force
• Bibliography
• Immigrant Women in the U.S. and Work
• Bibliography
• Domestic Workers and Their Employers
• Bibliography
• Appalachian Women and Work
• Bibliography
• Greek Ethnic Women in the U.S.
• The Early Immigrants: The Pioneers
• The Later Migrants
• Native-Born Greek Ethnic Women
• Bibliography
• Women and Work in the South after the Civil War
• Bibliography
• Women in the Civil Rights Movement
• Bibliography
• Economic Aspects of Women’s Labor-Force Participation
• Gender and Earnings
• Bibliography
• Income Inequality
• Bibliography
• Occupational Skill, Gender, and Earnings
• Gender Differences in Demands for Occupational Skill
• Social/Nurturant Skill and Earnings
• Percentage of Female Workers and Earnings
• Conclusions
• Bibliography
• Gender and Race Impacts on Occupational Segregation, Prestige, and Earnings
• Bibliography
• Comparable Worth and the Labor Market
• Bibliography
• Gender-Related Differences in Pension Coverage
• Bibliography
• Income Possession in Couples
• Bibliography
• Economics of Housework
• Bibliography
• Gender-Based Division of Labor in the U.S.
• Occupational Sex-Typing
• Bibliography
• Sex Type and Prestige of Occupations
• Bibliography
• Gender-Segregated Occupations
• Bibliography
• Sex Segregation in the Workplace
• Bibliography
• Full-Time Homemaker as Unpaid Laborer
• Bibliography
• Section II Approaches to Analyzing Women and Work
• The Measure of Female Labor-Force Attachment
• Bibliography
• Geographic Aspects of Women and Work
• Bibliography
• Human Capital Theory
• Bibliography
• The Interdependence of Housework and Paid Work
• Household Labor
• Household Labor Time and Paid Labor Time
• Household Labor Time and Earnings
• Integrating Paid and Unpaid Labor
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• The Sex Segregation of Occupations: Structural Approaches
• Bibliography
• Dimensions of Sex Segregation in the Workplace
• Bibliography
• Women in the Professions: Assessing Progress
• A Conceptual Overview of the Professions
• Women’s Labor within Some Dimensions of Professional Activity
• Ironic Outcomes and Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Sex Stereotypes: An Underlying Dimension
• Bibliography
• Women’s Adult Development
• Bibliography
• Integrated Women: A Conceptual Framework
• Bibliography
• Flexible Conceptual Style: Its Implications for Cultural Redefinition
• Bibliography
• Section III Women in Diverse Occupations
• Overview of Women’s Occupational Diversity
• Women in High-Status, Nontraditional Occupations
• Problems Experienced by Women in High-Status, Nontraditional Occupations
• Understanding Such Unique Issues for Women in High-Status, Nontraditional Positions
• Bibliography
• Gender and the Scientific Professions
• Summary
• Bibliography
• Women in the Service Occupation Sector
• Bibliography
• Women in Blue-Collar Occupations
• History
• Explanations of Women’s Under-Representation
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Women in Science and Medicine
• Women Physicians
• Women’s Distribution in Medicine
• Practice Structures and Work Patterns
• Discrimination against Women Doctors
• Professional Orientations and Values
• Personal-Life Values
• Recent Developments
• Bibliography
• Women in Science
• Bibliography
• Women In Diverse Occupations
• Bibliography
• Midwives
• American Midwifery, 1650 to 1930
• Contemporary Midwifery in the United States
• Bibliography
• Health-Care Professionals
• Bibliography
• Women in Education
• Women in Academia
• Women’s Representation in Academia
• Gendered Divisions of Labor
• Women’s Research Productivity
• Scholarship by and about Women
• Bibliography
• Women of Color in Academe
• An Overview of Women of Color in Academe
• Barriers Faced by Women of Color in Academe
• Structural Barriers
• Sociocultural Barriers
• Personal and Psychological Barriers
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Women as Teachers: A Historical Perspective (1830–1990)
• Bibliography
• Women in the K-12 Public School Superintendency
• Bibliography
• Women in Other Professions
• Women Clergy
• Bibliography
• American Catholic Sisters
• Bibliography
• Women in Journalism
• Bibliography
• Women in Broadcasting
• Bibliography
• Women in Law
• Bibliography
• Women in Organizational Communications and Public Relations
• Issues Women Face
• Bibliography
• Women in Public Accounting
• World War II: Reluctant Acceptance
• The Postwar Years: Prejudices Remain
• 1960 to 1970: Legislation and Discrimination
• 1970 to 1990: Greater Acceptance
• Future Trends and Challenges
• Bibliography
• Women in Other Occupations
• Women Entrepreneurs
• Bibliography
• Women in the Military (1890-1990)
• Bibliography
• Women Office Workers
• Bibliography
• Women in Factory Work
• Bibliography
• Women in the Garment Industry
• Historical Development of the Garment Industry
• Internal Organization of the Industry
• Labor Organizations
• Internationalization of Capital and Labor
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Prostitution
• Bibliography
• Section IV Factors Influencing Career and Occupational Choice
• White Women’s Higher Education: Coeducation and Gender Role Expectations, 1870-1890
• Bibliography
• Gender Ideology in Early-Twentieth-Century Black Educational Reform
• Bibliography
• Contemporary College Women’s Career Plans
• Bibliography
• Computer Language Effects on Educational/Career Choices of Women
• Design and Development of Computers
• Women’s Education/Employment Choices in the Information Age
• Bibliography
• Women, Work, and Religion
• Religion, Gender, and Labor-Force Participation
• Bibliography
• Role Models and Occupational Choice
• Bibliography
• Sex, Gender Stereotypes, and Work
• Sex, Gender Stereotypes, and Occupational Choice
• Sex and Job Satisfaction
• Gender Stereotypes, Sex-Typing of Work, and Job Satisfaction
• Concluding Remarks
• Bibliography
• Section V Legal Factors Affecting Women’s Work and Opportunity
• Protective Legislation in American Courts
• Bibliography
• Relevant Cases
• Women’s Work and Protective Legislation
• Bibliography
• Relevant Cases
• Women’s Rights in the Labor Market
• Bibliography
• Relevant Cases
• Affirmative Action
• Observers’ Responses to Sex-Based Selection
• Sex-Based Selection and the Beneficiary
• Counterbalancing Factors
• Bibliography
• Sexual Harassment
• Models of Sexual Harassment
• Judging Complaints of Sexual Harassment
• Victim Responses to Sexual Harassment
• Bibliography
• Sexual Harassment: Legal and Policy Issues
• Bibliography
• Relevant Cases
• Family Support Act
• Provisions of the Family Support Act
• Child Support and Establishment of Paternity
• Job Training
• Assessment
• Education and Employment Services
• Supportive Services
• Transitional Services
• Positive Aspects and Limitations of FSA for Women
• Initial Experiences and Evaluation
• Bibliography
• Job-Protected Leave For Family and Medical Reasons
• Bibliography
• Section VI Work Experiences and the Organizational Context of Work
• Women’s Work Experiences
• Gender and Orientation toward Work
• Bibliography
• Gender Differences in Work Interests
• Two Theories of Gender and Work Interests
• A Summary of Attitude Research Findings
• Work Interests and Work Behavior
• Work Orientations and Discrimination
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Women’s Work Commitment
• Bibliography
• Women and Job Satisfaction
• Job Characteristics
• Family Characteristics
• Personal Expectations
• Conclusions
• Bibliography
• Women’s Educational Leadership Experience
• Bibliography
• Women’s Drinking and the Workplace
• Bibliography
• Race and Sex Discrimination: A Comparison
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Sexual Harassment: Psychological and Behavioral Issues
• Bibliography
• Factors Influencing Work Performance and Effectiveness
• Computers, Gender, and Elementary-School Teaching
• Computing among Elementary-School Teachers
• Bibliography
• Male-Female Communication in the Workplace: Invisible Barriers to Upward Mobility
• The Male Managerial Model
• Male-Female Communications
• Impact of Gender-Role Stereotypes in the Workplace
• New Directions for Research on Male-Female Communications
• Bibliography
• Successful Job Search and Informal Networks
• Bibliography
• Human Resource’s Challenge: The Work-Family Interface
• Bibliography
• Gender’s Influence on Organizational Structure and Culture
• The Stratification of Women within Organizations
• Vertical and Horizontal Segregation within Organizations
• Theories Concerning Gender Segregation
• Bibliography
• Organizational Culture
• Bibliography
• Organizational Sexuality
• Bibliography
• Sexual Coercion in the Workplace
• Bibliography
• Gender-Based Bias and Discrimination
• Sex Discrimination at Work
• Bibliography
• Discrimination against Married Women
• Bibliography
• Sex Bias in Performance Evaluations
• Alternative Approaches to Understanding Sex Bias
• When Is Sex Bias Likely?
• Bibliography
• Persistent Gender Bias in Personnel Decisions
• Number of Women in the Executive Positions
• Actual Abilities and Work Behavior
• Differences in Perceptions, Subjective Evaluations, and Personnel Decisions: Attitudes toward Women
• Attributions and Evaluations of Performance of Women
• Other Decisions
• Understanding Gender Biases at Work
• Bibliography
• Gender and Workplace Dispute Resolution
• Gender Roles and Workplace Dispute Resolution
• Occupational Sex Segregation and Workplace Dispute Resolution
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Management and Organizational Mobility
• Academic Mentors as Gatekeepers
• Definition of Mentoring
• Mentoring as a Selective Process
• Effects of Mentoring
• Bibliography
• Influences on Women’s Managerial Advancement
• The Work Environment: Development
• The Work Environment: Structure
• Work-Relevant Experiences
• The Home Environment
• Attitudes
• Early Background
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• The Advancement of Women in Post-Secondary Educational Administration
• Bibliography
• Beyond the Stereotypes: Women in Leadership Roles
• Past Research
• Meta-Analysis
• Future Research
• Summary
• Bibliography
• The Upward Mobility of Women in Organizations: Directions for Future Research
• Directions for Future Research
• A Study of Factors Associated with Women’s Upward Mobility
• Sex-Role Socialization
• Career Paths
• Career Attitudes
• Career-Family Issues and Family Policy
• Mentoring and Career Development
• Factors Affecting Women’s Upward Mobility and Career Plateaus
• Summary
• Bibliography
• Programs and Strategies for Change
• Resistance in the Workplace
• Bibliography
• Corporate Programs for Preventing Sexual Harassment
• Bibliography
• Remedying Gender-Based Wage Discrimination: The Comparable Worth Approach
• Job Content
• Job Analysis
• Job Descriptions
• Job Classification
• Job Evaluation
• Comparable Worth Processes
• Bibliography
• Section VII Issues Emerging from the Intersection of Work and Family
• Overview of Work and Family Linkages
• Work-Family Linkages in Early Industrialization: The Public-Private Split
• Preindustrial Societies and the Division of Labor
• Early Capitalist Industrialization
• Working-Class Experiences
• Social Class Differences in the Ideology of Public-Private Spheres
• Race Differences in the Experience of Public-Private Spheres
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Gender Segregation of Housework
• Measuring the Household Division of Labor
• Measuring the Gender-Based Segregation of Family Work
• Bibliography
• Career, Family, and Changing Life Course Patterns
• Bibliography
• Working Women and Eldercare
• Consequences of Caregiving Responsibilities
• Assistance for Caregivers
• Benefits of Employer Support
• Bibliography
• Providing for Children in the Work/Family Arrangement
• Planning to Combine Work and Child-Rearing
• Plans for Integrating Employment and Child-Rearing
• Stability or Change between Plans and Actions
• Bibliography
• Employment and Child Care
• Bibliography
• Shift Work and Child Care
• Bibliography
• Maternal Role Conflict
• Bibliography
• Maternal Occupational Conditions and Children’s Family Environments
• Bibliography
• Maternal Working Conditions, Childcare, and Cognition
• Bibliography
• Maternal Employment and Children’s Achievement
• Bibliography
• Maternal Working Conditions and Children’s Behavior Problems
• Bibliography
• Childbirth and Career Interruptions
• Bibliography
• The “Mommy Track”: Impact of Family Life on Women in the Professoriate
• Bibliography
• Section VIII Cross-Cultural Issues and International Studies
• Cross-National Comparisons
• Women’s Labor-Force Participation in Advanced Industrial Countries
• Bibliography
• Women and Agriculture in the Developing World
• Bibliography
• Gender Inequality in Labor-Force Participation across Nations (circa 1980)
• Bibliography
• The Division of Household Labor in Cross-Cultural Perspective
• Understanding Household Labor
• Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Household Labor
• Conclusion and Discussion
• Bibliography
• Women in Advanced Industrial Societies
• Australian Women in Paid Employment
• Bibliography
• Australian Men and Women Managers
• Work Environment
• Hierarchical Advancement
• Home Environment
• Bibliography
• Australia: Immigrant Women and Work
• Bibliography
• French Women’s Educational Opportunities
• Bibliography
• Women in East Germany
• Bibliography
• Japanese Women: A Historical Overview
• Bibliography
• Contemporary Japanese Women: Family, Education, and Workplace
• Bibliography
• Occupational Sex Segregation in New Zealand, 1971, 1976, 1981
• Bibliography
• Efforts toward Gender Equity in Sweden
• Bibliography
• Women in Newly Industrialized Societies
• Women, Work, Patriarchy, and Development in India
• Bibliography
• Women’s Earnings in Israel
• Bibliography
• Women and Work in Mexico
• Marriage, Family Socialization, and Identity
• Women in the World of Work
• Bibliography
• Filipino Women’s Educational and Occupational Opportunities
• Bibliography
• Women and Work in Singapore
• Bibliography
• Women in Developing Societies
• African Women in Economic Development
• Precolonial Period (Before 1800s)
• Colonial Period (1800-1950s)
• Postcolonial Period (Independent States, 1940s-the present)
• Bibliography
• Changing Roles of Chinese Women: 2000 B.C. to 1949
• Cultural Factors Shaping Women’s Roles
• Women’s Status during the Late Dynastic Era (1890-1912)
• Women’s Liberation Efforts
• Bibliography
• Women in the People’s Republic of China (1949-the Present)
• The Promise of the 1949 Revolution
• Current Status of Chinese Women
• Bibliography
• Nicaraguan Women in the Formal and Informal Economy
• Perspectives on “Informal” Work in Development
• Informally Employed Women in Rural and Urban Settings
• Women and Work in Nicaragua
• Bibliography
• Nigerian Women
• Informal Entrepreneurship Activities
• Formal Entrepreneurship Activities
• Success Factors
• Bibliography
• Palestinian Women in the Israeli-Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip
• Bibliography
• Birth Control and Development in Three Latin American Countries
• Birth Control in Latin America
• Puerto Rico
• Cuba
• Nicaragua
• Bibliography
• Contributors
• Subject Index
• Author Index