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• Cover Image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Evolve Student Resources
• Brief Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Reviewers
• Preface
• ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK
• Teaching and Learning Package
• Unifying Principles
• Special Features
• Acknowledgments
• Section I: Children, Their Families, and the Nurse
• 1. Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing
• Health Care for Children
• Health Promotion
• Childhood Health Problems
• The Art of Pediatric Nursing
• Role of the Pediatric Nurse
• Research and Evidence-Based Practice
• Providing Nursing Care to Children and Families
• Six Essential Cognitive Skills of Clinical Judgment
• Quality Outcome Measures
• References
• 2. Family, Social, Cultural, and Religious Influences on Child Health Promotion
• General Concepts
• Family Theories
• Family Structure and Function
• Family Strengths and Functioning Style
• Family Roles and Relationships
• Parental Roles
• Role Learning
• Parenting
• Limit Setting and Discipline
• Special Parenting Situations
• Parenting the Adopted Child
• Parenting and Divorce
• Single Parenting
• Parenting in Reconstituted Families
• Parenting in Dual-Earner Families
• Foster Parenting
• Sociocultural Influences on Children and Families
• Influences in the Surrounding Environment
• Schools
• Peers
• Community
• Broader Influences on Child Health
• Race and Ethnicity
• Poverty
• Land of Origin and Immigration Status
• Religion and Spiritual Identity
• Cultural Humility and Health Care Providers’ Contributions
• References
• 3. Hereditary Influences on Health of the Child and Family
• Genetic/Genomic Nursing Competencies
• Disorders of the Intrauterine Environment
• Inborn Errors of Metabolism
• Impact of Hereditary Disorders on the Family
• References
• Section II: Childhood and Family Assessment
• 4. Communication and Physical Assessment of the Child and Family
• Guidelines For Communication And Interviewing
• Communicating With Families
• History Taking
• Nutritional Assessment
• General Approaches Toward Examining The Child
• Physical Examination
• References
• 5. Pain Assessment in Children
• What is Pain, and How Does it Occur?
• What Does Pain Do Besides Hurt?
• Common Acute Pain Conditions in Children
• Common Chronic Pain Conditions in Children
• Common Mixed-Pain Conditions in Children
• Measuring Pain in Children
• Chronic and Recurrent Pain Assessment
• Prevention and Treatment of Pain in Children
• References
• 6. Childhood Communicable and Infectious Diseases
• Infection Control
• Immunizations
• Nursing Care Management
• Conjunctivitis
• Stomatitis
• Zika Virus
• Covid-19
• Intestinal Parasitic Diseases
• General Nursing Care Management
• Giardiasis
• Enterobiasis (Pinworms)
• Bed Bugs
• References
• Section III: Family-Centered Care of the Newborn
• 7. Health Promotion of the Newborn and Family
• Adjustment to Extrauterine Life
• Immediate Adjustments
• Physiologic Status of Other Systems
• Nursing Care of the Newborn and Family
• Maintain a Patent Airway
• Maintain a Stable Body Temperature
• Protect from Infection and Injury
• Provide Optimum Nutrition
• Feeding Schedules
• Promote Parent-Infant Bonding (Attachment)
• Prepare for Discharge and Home Care
• References
• 8. Health Problems of Newborns
• Birth Injuries
• Head Trauma
• Fractures
• Nerve Injuries
• Cranial Deformities
• Dermatologic Problems In The Newborn
• Candidiasis
• Herpes Simplex Virus
• Birthmarks
• Problems Related To Physiologic Factors
• Hemolytic Disease Of The Newborn
• Problems Caused By Perinatal Environmental Factors
• References
• 9. The High-Risk Newborn and Family
• General Management Of High-Risk Newborns
• Intensive Care Facilities
• Nursing Care Of High-Risk Newborns
• Assessment
• Monitoring Physiologic Data
• High-Risk Conditions Related To Dysmaturity
• Postterm Infants
• High Risk Related To Disturbed Respiratory Function
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
• Air Leak Syndromes
• Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Of The Newborn
• Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
• High Risk Related To Infectious Processes
• Necrotizing Enterocolitis
• High Risk Related To Cardiovascular And Hematologic Complications
• Anemia
• Polycythemia
• Retinopathy Of Prematurity
• High Risk Related To Neurologic Disturbance
• Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury
• Intraventricular Hemorrhage
• Intracranial Hemorrhage
• Neonatal/Perinatal Stroke
• Neonatal Seizures
• High Risk Related To Maternal Conditions
• Drug-Exposed Infants
• Maternal Infections
• REFERENCES
• Section IV: Family-Centered Care of the Infant
• 10. Health Promotion of the Infant and Family
• Promoting Optimal Growth And Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Cognitive Development
• Development Of Body Image
• Development Of Gender Identity
• Social Development
• Temperament
• Coping With Concerns Related To Normal Growth And Development
• Promoting Optimum Health During Infancy
• Sleep And Activity
• Dental Health
• Safety Promotion And Injury Prevention
• Anticipatory Guidance—Care Of Families
• References
• 11. Health Problems of the Infant
• Nutritional Imbalances
• Vitamin Imbalances
• Mineral Imbalances
• Health Problems Related To Nutrition
• Food Sensitivity
• Failure To Thrive
• Special Health Problems
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Deformational Plagiocephaly
• Brief Resolved Unexplained Event
• References
• Section V: Family-Centered Care of the Toddler and Preschooler
• 12. Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family
• Promoting Optimum Growth and Development
• Biologic Development
• Cognitive Development
• Moral Development: Preconventional or premoral Level
• Spiritual Development
• Development of Body Image
• Development of Gender Identity
• Social Development
• Temperament
• Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development
• Sibling Rivalry
• Temper Tantrums
• Negativism
• Stress
• Regression
• Promoting Optimum Health During Toddlerhood
• Vegetarian Diets
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine
• Sleep and Activity
• Dental Health
• Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention
• Anticipatory Guidance—Care of Families
• References
• 13. Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family
• Promoting Optimum Growth and Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Cognitive Development
• Moral Development (Kohlberg)
• Spiritual Development
• Development of Body Image
• Development of Sexuality
• Social Development
• Temperament
• Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development
• Promoting Optimum Health during the Preschool Years
• Sleep and Activity
• Dental Health
• Injury Prevention
• Anticipatory Guidance—Care of Families
• References
• 14. Health Problems of Early Childhood
• Sleep Problems
• Ingestion Of Injurious Agents
• Principles Of Emergency Treatment
• Heavy Metal Poisoning
• Lead Poisoning
• Child Maltreatment
• Child Neglect
• Physical Abuse
• Sexual Abuse
• Nursing Care Of The Maltreated Child
• References
• Section VI: Family-Centered Care of the School-Age Child
• 15. Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family
• Promoting Optimal Growth and Development
• Biologic Development
• Psychosocial Development: Developing a Sense of Industry (Erikson)
• Cognitive Development (Piaget)
• Moral Development (Kohlberg)
• Spiritual Development
• Social Development
• Play
• Developing a Self-Concept
• Development of Sexuality
• Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development
• School Experience
• Discipline
• Stress and Fear
• Promoting Optimal Health During the School Years
• Sleep and Rest
• Exercise and Activity
• Dental Health
• School Health
• Injury Prevention
• Anticipatory Guidance—Care of Families
• References
• 16. Health Problems of the School-Age Child
• Obesity: Complications, Treatment, and Prevention
• Dental Disorders
• Periodontal Disease
• Malocclusion
• Trauma
• Disorders of Continence
• Encopresis
• Disorders with Behavioral Components
• Learning Disability
• Tic Disorders
• Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• School Phobia
• Functional Abdominal Pain
• Conversion Reaction
• Childhood Depression
• Childhood Schizophrenia
• Anxiety Disorders
• References
• Section VII: Family-Centered Care of the Adolescent
• 17. Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family
• Promoting Optimum Growth and Development
• Promoting Optimum Health During Adolescence
• References
• 18. Health Problems of the Adolescent
• Health Conditions of the Male Reproductive System
• Varicocele
• Epididymitis
• Testicular Torsion
• Gynecomastia
• Health Conditions of the Female Reproductive System
• Menstrual Disorders
• Nursing Care Management
• Endometriosis
• Premenstrual Syndrome
• Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
• Vaginal Infections
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Sexually Transmitted Protozoa Infections
• Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections
• Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections
• Health Conditions Related to Reproduction
• Adolescent Pregnancy
• Contraception
• Sexual Assault (Rape)
• Health Conditions with a Behavioral Component
• Substance Abuse
• Motivation
• Types of Drugs Abused
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Cocaine
• Narcotics
• Central Nervous System Depressants
• Central Nervous System Stimulants
• Mind-Altering Drugs
• Nursing Care Management
• Self-Harm
• Etiology
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Therapeutic Management
• Suicide
• Etiology
• Methods
• Nursing Care Management
• References
• Section VIII: Family-Centered Care of the Child With Special Needs
• 19. Impact of Complex Chronic Illness, Disability, or End-of-Life Care on the Child and Family
• Perspectives on the Care of Children and Families Living With or Dying from Chronic or Complex Diseases
• Trends in Care
• The Family of the Child with a Chronic or Complex Condition
• Impact of the Child’s Chronic Illness
• Coping with Ongoing Stress and Periodic Crises
• Assisting Family Members in Managing their Feelings
• Establishing a Support System
• The Child with a Chronic or Complex Condition
• Developmental Aspects
• Coping Mechanisms
• Nursing Care of the Family and Child with a Chronic or Complex Condition
• Provide Support at the Time of Diagnosis
• Support the Family’s Coping Methods
• Educate about the Disorder and General Health Care
• Promote Normal Development
• Establish Realistic Future Goals
• Palliative Care in Childhood with Serious Conditions
• Principles of Palliative Care
• Goals of Care
• Awareness of Dying in Children with Life-Threatening Illness
• Children’s Understanding of and Reactions to Dying
• Delivery of Palliative Care Services
• Nursing Care of the Child and Family at the End of Life
• Parents’ and Siblings’ Need for Education and Support Through the Caregiving Process
• Care at the Time of Death
• Postmortem Care
• Care of the Family Experiencing Unexpected Childhood Death
• Special Decisions at the Time of Dying and Death
• Right to Die and Do-Not-Attempt-Resuscitation Orders
• Viewing of the Body
• Organ or Tissue Donation and Autopsy
• Siblings’ Attendance at Funeral Services
• Care of the Grieving Family
• Grief
• Mourning
• Bereavement Programs
• The Nurse and the Child with Life-Threatening Illness
• Coping with Stress
• References
• 20. Impact of Cognitive or Sensory Impairment on the Child and Family
• Cognitive Impairment
• Nursing Care Of Children With Impaired Cognitive Function
• Educate Child And Family
• Down Syndrome
• Fragile X Syndrome
• Sensory Impairment
• Visual Impairment
• Hearing–Visual Impairment
• Communication Impairment
• References
• Section IX: The Child Who Is Hospitalized
• 21. Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization
• Stressors Of Hospitalization And Children’s Reactions
• Separation Anxiety
• Loss Of Control
• Effects Of Hospitalization On The Child
• Stressors And Reactions Of The Hospitalized Child’s Family
• Sibling Reactions
• Nursing Care Of The Child Who Is Hospitalized
• Nursing Interventions
• Nursing Care Of The Family
• Supporting Family Members
• Providing Information
• Encouraging Parent Participation
• Preparing For Discharge And Home Care
• Care Of The Child And Family In Special Hospital Situations
• Ambulatory Or Outpatient Setting
• Isolation
• Emergency Admission
• Intensive Care Unit
• References
• 22. Pediatric Nursing Interventions and Skills
• General Concepts Related to Pediatric Procedures
• Preparation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
• Surgical Procedures
• Compliance
• Skin Care and General Hygiene
• Bathing
• Oral Hygiene
• Hair Care
• Feeding the Sick Child
• Controlling Elevated Temperatures
• Family Teaching and Home Care
• Safety
• Environmental Factors
• Infection Control
• Transporting Infants and Children
• Restraining Methods
• Positioning for Procedures
• Femoral Venipuncture
• Extremity Venipuncture Or Injection
• Lumbar Puncture
• Bone Marrow Aspiration Or Biopsy
• Collection of Specimens
• Fundamental Steps Common to all Procedures
• Urine Specimens
• Stool Specimens
• Blood Specimens
• Respiratory Secretion Specimens
• Administration of Medication
• Oral Administration
• Administration
• Intramuscular Administration
• Subcutaneous and Intradermal Administration
• Intravenous Administration
• Maintaining Fluid Balance
• Parenteral Fluid Therapy
• Securement of a Peripheral Intravenous Line
• Safety Catheters and Needleless Systems
• Infusion Pumps
• Maintenance
• Complications
• Removal of a Peripheral Intravenous Line
• Rectal Administration
• OPTIC, OTIC, and Nasal Administration
• Aerosol Therapy
• Family Teaching and Home Care
• Alternative Feeding Techniques
• Nasogastric, Orogastric, and Gastrostomy Administration
• Gavage Feeding
• Gastrostomy Feeding
• Nasoduodenal and Nasojejunal Tubes
• Total Parenteral Nutrition
• Family Teaching and Home Care
• Procedures Related to Elimination
• Ostomies
• Family Teaching and Home Care
• Procedures for Maintaining Respiratory Function
• End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring
• Bronchial (Postural) Drainage
• Chest Physical Therapy
• Intubation
• Mechanical Ventilation
• Chest Tube Procedures
• Interventions
• References
• Section X: Childhood Nutrition and Elimination Problems
• 23. The Child With Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance
• Distribution Of Body Fluids
• Water Balance
• Disturbances Of Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
• Dehydration
• Water Intoxication
• Edema
• Nursing Responsibilities in Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances
• Assessment
• Shock
• Septic Shock
• Anaphylaxis
• Toxic Shock Syndrome
• References
• 24. The Child With Genitourinary Dysfunction
• Renal Structure and Function
• Renal Physiology
• Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Structure and Function
• Urethrovesical Unit: Structure and Function
• Genitourinary Tract Disorders
• Vesicoureteral Reflux
• Glomerular Disease
• Nephrotic Syndrome
• Renal Tubular Disorders
• Tubular Function
• Renal Tubular Acidosis
• Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
• Miscellaneous Renal Disorders
• Familial Nephritis (Alport Syndrome)
• Unexplained Proteinuria
• Renal Trauma
• Renal Failure
• Acute Kidney Injury
• Chronic Kidney Disease
• Renal Replacement Therapy
• Hemodialysis
• Peritoneal Dialysis
• Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration
• Transplantation
• Defects of the Genitourinary Tract
• Hydrocele
• Cryptorchidism
• Hypospadias
• Epispadias and Exstrophy Complex
• Disorders of Sex Development
• Pathophysiology
• Therapeutic Management
• Family Support
• Obstructive Uropathy
• References
• 25. The Child With Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
• Gastrointestinal Structure And Function
• Development Of The Gastrointestinal Tract
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Assessment Of Gastrointestinal Function
• Gastrointestinal Disorders
• Vomiting
• Ingestion Of Foreign Substances
• Pica
• Foreign Bodies
• Disorders Of Motility
• Gastroesophageal Reflux
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Inflammatory Conditions
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Peptic Ulcer Disease
• Obstructive Disorders
• Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
• Intussusception
• Malrotation And Volvulus
• Malabsorption Syndromes
• Celiac Disease (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy)
• Short-Bowel Syndrome
• Gastrointestinal Bleeding
• Hepatic Disorders
• Acute Hepatitis
• Biliary Atresia
• Structural Defects
• Esophageal Atresia And Tracheoesophageal Fistula
• Abdominal Wall Defects
• Hernias
• Umbilical Hernia
• Inguinal Hernia
• Femoral Hernia
• Anorectal Malformations
• References
• Section XI: Childhood Oxygenation Problems
• 26. The Child With Respiratory Dysfunction
• Respiratory Tract Structure
• Respiratory Function
• Assessment of Respiratory Function
• Diagnostic Procedures
• Defenses of the Respiratory Tract
• General Aspects of Respiratory Tract Infections
• Etiology and Characteristics
• Clinical Manifestations
• Nursing Care of the Child with a Respiratory Tract Infection
• Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
• Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis
• Tonsillitis
• Infectious Mononucleosis
• Influenza
• Otitis Media
• Croup Syndromes
• Acute Epiglottitis
• Acute Laryngitis
• Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis
• Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis
• Bacterial Tracheitis
• Infections of the Lower Airways
• Bronchitis
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bronchiolitis
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2): COVID-19
• Pneumonia
• Viral Pneumonia
• Primary Atypical Pneumonia
• Bacterial Pneumonia
• Neonatal Pneumonia
• Other Infections of the Respiratory Tract
• Tuberculosis
• Respiratory Disturbance Caused by Noninfectious Irritants
• Foreign Body in the Nose
• Aspiration Pneumonia
• Pulmonary Edema
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury
• Smoke Inhalation Injury
• Environmental Tobacco Exposure
• Structural Defects
• Pierre Robin Sequence
• Choanal Atresia
• Long-Term Respiratory Dysfunction
• Asthma
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Respiratory Emergency
• Nursing Care Management
• References
• Section XII: Childhood Blood Production and Circulation Problems
• 27. The Child With Cardiovascular Dysfunction
• Cardiac Structure and Function
• Cardiac Development and Function
• Assessment of Cardiac Function
• Tests of Cardiac Function
• Congenital Heart Disease
• Altered Hemodynamics
• Clinical Consequences of Congenital Heart Disease
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Classification of Congenital Heart Defects
• Defects with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
• Obstructive Defects
• Defects with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
• Mixed Defects
• Single Ventricle Anatomy
• Family-Centered Care Home Monitoring Program
• Nursing Care of the Child With Congenital Heart Disease and his or her Family
• Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders
• Bacterial (Infective) Endocarditis
• Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
• Kawasaki Disease
• Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
• Systemic Hypertension
• Dyslipidemia (Abnormal Lipid Metabolism)
• Cardiac Dysrhythmias
• Pulmonary Hypertension
• Cardiomyopathy
• Advanced Heart Failure
• Heart Transplantation
• References
• 28. The Child With Hematologic or Immunologic Dysfunction
• The Hematologic System and Its Function
• Hematologic and Immunologic Dysfunction
• Red Blood Cell Disorders
• Blood Transfusion Therapy
• Anemia Caused By Nutritional Deficiencies
• Anemias Caused By Increased Destruction of Red Blood Cells
• Hereditary Spherocytosis
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Beta (β)-Thalassemia (Cooley Anemia)
• Anemias Caused by Impaired or Decreased Production of Red Blood Cells
• Aplastic Anemia
• Mechanisms Involved In Normal Hemostasis
• Hemophilia
• Von Willebrand Disease
• Immune Thrombocytopenia (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura)
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
• Other Hematologic Disorders
• Immunoglobulin-A Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura)
• Immunologic Deficiency Disorders
• Mechanisms Involved In Immunity
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection And Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
• References
• Section XIII: Childhood Regulatory Problems
• 29. The Child With Cancer
• Cancer in Children
• Epidemiology: Incidence Rates
• Etiology
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Treatment Modalities
• Complications of Therapy
• General Nursing Care Management
• Signs and Symptoms of Cancer in Children
• Managing Common Acute Side Effects of Treatment
• Nursing Care During Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
• Preparation for Procedures
• Pain Management
• Health Promotion
• Patient and Family Education
• Completion of Therapy
• Cancers of Blood and Lymph Systems
• Lymphomas
• Nervous System Tumors
• Neuroblastoma
• Bone Tumors
• Prognosis
• Osteosarcoma
• Ewing Sarcoma (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Bone)
• Other Solid Tumors
• Wilms Tumor
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Retinoblastoma
• Germ Cell Tumors
• Liver Tumors
• The Childhood Cancer Survivor
• References
• 30. The Child with Cerebral Dysfunction
• Cerebral Structure and Function
• Development of the Neurologic System
• Central Nervous System
• Increased Intracranial Pressure
• Evaluation of Neurologic Status
• Assessment: General Aspects
• Altered States of Consciousness
• Neurologic Examination
• Vital Signs
• Skin
• Eyes
• Motor Function
• Posturing
• Reflexes
• Special Diagnostic Procedures
• The Child With Cerebral Compromise
• Head Injury
• Submersion Injury
• Intracranial Infections
• Bacterial Meningitis
• Nonbacterial (Aseptic) Meningitis
• Tuberculous Meningitis
• Brain Abscess
• Encephalitis
• Rabies
• Reye Syndrome
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalopathy
• Seizures and Epilepsy
• Epilepsy
• Headache
• Assessment
• Migraine Headache
• Cerebral Malformation
• References
• 31. The Child With Endocrine Dysfunction
• The Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Neuroendocrine Interrelationships
• Disorders of Pituitary Function
• Hypopituitarism
• Pituitary Hyperfunction
• Precocious Puberty
• Diabetes Insipidus
• Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
• Disorders of Thyroid Function
• Juvenile Hypothyroidism
• Goiter
• Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Disorders of Parathyroid Function
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Disorders of Adrenal Function
• Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency
• Cushing Syndrome
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
• Hyperaldosteronism
• Pheochromocytoma
• Disorders of Pancreatic Hormone Secretion
• References
• Section XIV: Childhood Physical Mobility Problems
• 32. The Child With Integumentary Dysfunction
• Integumentary Dysfunction
• Wounds
• Infections of the Skin
• Viral Infections
• Dermatophytoses (Fungal Infections)
• Systemic Mycotic (Fungal) Infections
• Skin Disorders Related to Chemical or Physical Contacts
• Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac
• Drug Reactions
• Foreign Bodies
• Skin Disorders Related to Animal Contacts
• Scabies
• Pediculosis Capitis
• Rickettsial Diseases
• Lyme Disease
• Pet Bites
• Human Bites
• Cat Scratch Disease
• Miscellaneous Skin Disorders
• Skin Disorders Associated With Specific Age-Groups
• Diaper Dermatitis
• Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
• Seborrheic Dermatitis
• Acne
• Burns
• Burn Wound Characteristics
• Pathophysiology
• Therapeutic Management
• Nursing Care Management
• Future Research Needs
• Sunburn
• Cold Injury
• References
• 33. The Child With Musculoskeletal or Articular Dysfunction
• The Child and Trauma
• Assessment of Trauma
• The Immobilized Child
• The Child in a Cast
• The Child in Traction
• Distraction
• Amputation
• Obilization Devices
• The Child With a Fracture
• Fracture Complications
• Injuries and Health Problems Related to Sports Participation
• Preparation for Sports
• Types of Injury
• Contusions
• Dislocations
• Sprains and Strains
• Overuse Injury
• Exercise-Induced Heat Stress
• Health Concerns Associated with Sports
• Nurse’S Role in Children’s Sports
• Musculoskeletal Dysfunction
• Kyphosis and Lordosis
• Idiopathic Scoliosis
• Skeletal Limb Deficiency
• Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
• Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
• Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
• Metatarsus Adductus
• Clubfoot
• Orthopedic Infections
• Septic Arthritis
• Skeletal Tuberculosis
• Skeletal and Articular Dysfunction
• Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• References
• 34. The Child With Neuromuscular or Muscular Dysfunction
• Congenital Neuromuscular or Muscular Disorders
• Classification and Diagnosis
• Cerebral Palsy
• Defects of Neural Tube Closure
• Anencephaly
• Spina Bifida and Myelodysplasia
• Myelomeningocele (Meningomyelocele)
• Latex Allergy
• Hypotonia
• Spinal Muscular Atrophy
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• Tetanus
• Botulism
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Spinal Cord Injuries
• Muscular Dysfunction
• Muscular Dystrophies
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
• References
• Index
• Blood Pressure Levels