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• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Author
• Chapter 1 An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental Illness
• Understanding Psychopathology: Definitions and Key Considerations
• Defining Psychopathology and Understanding Its Components
• Impact of Mental Disorders
• Stigma and Mental Disorders
• The Three Major Themes of This Book
• Levels of Analysis
• Biopsychosocial Approach
• The Relation of Evolution and Culture to Psychopathology
• Is Psychopathology Universal?
• Historical Considerations in Understanding Psychopathology
• Ancient Greek and Roman Influences—Mental Illness Involves the Brain
• Psychopathology in the Middle Ages
• From the Renaissance to the 1700s—The Beginning of Modern Science
• Discovering the Function of the Brain in Behavior and Psychopathology
• The 1700s to the 1900s
• A Growing Understanding of the Role of Evolution
• A Search for Organization
• Historical Approaches to Care for Those With Mental Disorders
• From the Past to the Present
• Biological Approaches to Treating Mental Illness
• Psychological Treatment Perspectives in the 20th and 21st Centuries
• Psychodynamic Perspectives on Treatment
• Sigmund Freud
• Existential-Humanistic Perspectives
• Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Perspectives
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 2 Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology
• The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary Perspective
• Brain Anatomy, Neurons, and Neurotransmitters
• A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function
• Neurons and Neural Transmission
• How Does the Neuron Pass Information?
• Major Neurotransmitters
• Encoding Information
• The Brain and the Microbiome
• How Do We Observe the Brain at Work?
• Electroencephalography
• Evoked Potentials
• Magnetoencephalography
• Positron Emission Tomography
• Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Diffusion Tensor Imaging
• Spatial and Temporal Resolution
• Neuroethics
• Networks of the Brain
• Neurons Connect in a Network
• What Is the Brain’s Default (Intrinsic) Network?
• Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks
• Genetics and Psychopathology
• The Historical Study of Genetics
• What Do Genes Do?
• DNA
• How Do Genes Influence Behavior?
• Epigenetic Processes
• Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Inheritance
• What Are Endophenotypes?
• Current Thinking on Genetics and Psychopathology
• Evolution and Psychopathology
• The Themes of Evolution
• Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 3 Research Methods
• What Is Science?
• Nonexperimental Methods of Psychological Research
• Case Study
• Naturalistic Observation: Just Looking
• Correlational Approach: What Goes With What?
• The Experimental Method: Making It Happen
• Definitions in the Experimental Method
• Research Methods in Action: Does Playing Music Change the Brain?
• Logic and Inference: The Detective Work of Science
• Validity
• What Do I Expect to Happen?
• Designing an Experimental Study
• Participants in the Study
• Putting Participants in Groups
• Designing and Structuring the Experimental Study
• Is the Dependent Variable Related to the Independent Variable?
• Null Hypothesis and Inferential Statistics
• Confound Hypothesis
• Research Hypothesis
• Other Types of Experimental Designs and Research Considerations
• Single-Subject Designs
• Longitudinal Research
• Epidemiological Research
• Research Involving Genetics
• Behavioral Genetics
• Clinical and Statistical Significance
• Replication and Meta-Analysis
• Ethics and the Scientific Experiment
• The Experiment as an Ethical Problem
• Ingredients of the Initial Scientist–Participant Dialogue
• Voluntary Participation
• Informed Consent
• The Rights of the Research Participant and the Responsibilities of the Experimenter
• What Is Harmful to a Research Participant?
• The Institutional Review Board
• The Ethical Relationship
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 4 Assessment and Classification of Psychological Disorders
• Initial Assessment and the Mental Status Exam
• The Clinical Interview
• The Mental Status Exam
• Structured Interviews and Assessment Considerations
• Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders
• Assessing Cultural Dimensions
• Reliability and Validity in Relation to Psychopathology
• Reliability
• Assessment Validity
• Models of Assessment
• Symptom Questionnaires
• Personality Tests
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
• Projective Tests
• Rorschach Inkblots
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Neuropsychological Testing
• Neuropsychological Tests and Mental Illness
• Using Neuroscience Techniques to Identify Mental Illness
• Diagnostic Considerations in Psychopathology
• Categorical Versus Dimensional Approaches
• Comorbidity and Hierarchical Approaches to Psychopathology
• Utilizing Neuroscience Methods in Diagnosis and Treatment
• Classification Systems for Mental Disorders
• International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
• Origins of the DSM
• Early Versions of the DSM and the Eventual Focus on Diagnostic Criteria
• DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR: The Current Version
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 5 Childhood and Adolescent-Onset Disorders
• Important Aspects of Normal Childhood Development
• Brain Development
• Theories of Attachment
• Harry Harlow’s Experiments With Infant Monkeys
• John Bowlby’s Research on Attachment
• Mary Ainsworth’s Work and Styles of Attachment
• Long-Term Consequences of Early Attachment Patterns
• Imitation Learning
• Theory of Mind
• Adolescence
• Social Brain in Adolescence
• Risk Taking in Adolescence
• Brain Systems Involved in Social Relations
• Attachment Disorders, Conduct Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
• Attachment Disorders
• Conduct Disorder
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder
• Treatment for Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Autism as a Spectrum
• Autism and Intelligence
• Social and Behavioral Patterns in Autism
• Autism and Development
• Prevalence of Autism
• Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Environmental Contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Genetic Contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Brain Contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Special Talents
• Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disorders
• ADHD
• Prevalence and Characteristics of ADHD
• Causes of ADHD
• Treatment for ADHD
• Learning Disabilities
• Intellectual Developmental Disorder
• Characteristics of Intellectual Developmental Disorder
• Levels of Functioning
• Causes of Intellectual Developmental Disorder
• IDD Related to Chromosomes
• IDD Related to Metabolism
• IDD Related to Gestation
• Treatment for Intellectual Developmental Disorder
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 6 Mood Disorders
• Introducing Mood Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder
• Causes of Depression
• Developmental Aspects of Depression
• Cognitive Model of Depression
• Are Depression and Inflammation Related?
• Evidence That Depression Runs in Families
• Evolutionary Perspectives on Depression
• Resource Conservation
• Social Competition
• Social Risk Hypothesis
• Treatments for Depression
• Biological and Neuroscience Treatments for Depression
• Psychological Treatments for Depression
• Combination Therapies
• Efforts to Prevent Depression
• Bipolar Disorder
• Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder
• Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar I Disorder
• Bipolar II Disorder
• Cyclothymic Disorder
• Prevalence of Bipolar Disorder
• Causes of Bipolar Disorder
• Genetics of Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder and Creativity
• Brain Imaging and Bipolar Disorder
• Neurotransmitter Dysregulation
• Environmental Factors
• Treatment for Bipolar Disorder
• Psychological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
• Medications for Bipolar Disorder
• Suicide
• Cultural and Gender Differences in Suicide
• Suicide Underreporting and Methods Used in Suicide Attempts
• Endophenotypes and Suicide
• Long-Term and Short-Term Factors Related to Suicide
• Suicide in the Military
• Preventing Suicide
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 7 Stress, Trauma, and PTSD
• Psychological Stress and Psychopathology
• Does Trauma Produce Mental Illness?
• The Physiological Mechanisms Related to Stress and Trauma
• What Makes You Run From Bears? Stress and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
• The Autonomic Nervous System
• Psychological Stress and the Immune System
• Trauma Changes Our Genes Through Tagging (Epigenetics)
• Is Social Pain Like Physical Pain?
• The Study of Stress
• Does Fight or Flight Apply Equally to Males and Females?
• Does Social Stress Produce a Similar Reaction to Physical Stress?
• Adjustment Disorders, Acute Stress Disorder, and Prolonged Grief Disorder
• Adjustment Disorders
• Acute Stress Disorder
• Prolonged Grief Disorder
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Causes, Characteristics, and Prevalence of PTSD
• DSM-5-TR Criteria for PTSD
• The Physiological Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 8 Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
• Overview of Anxiety Disorders
• The Nature of Anxiety and Evolutionary Explanations
• Cognitive Processes in Anxiety
• Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders
• Developmental Aspects of Anxiety
• Models of Anxiety Development
• Anxiety Disorders Around the World
• Major Types of Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Psychological Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Biological Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Social Anxiety Disorder
• Neuroscience Aspects of Social Anxiety
• Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder
• Separation Anxiety Disorder
• Treatment for Separation Anxiety Disorder
• Phobias and Panic Disorder
• Specific Phobia
• Neuroscience Aspects of Specific Phobias
• Treatment for Specific Phobias
• Panic Disorder
• Neuroscience Aspects of Panic Disorder
• Treatment for Panic Disorder
• Agoraphobia
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Characteristics, Prevalence, and Significant Aspects of OCD
• Other DSM-5-TR Disorders Categorized With OCD
• Neuroscience Aspects of OCD
• Treatment for OCD
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 9 Dissociative Disorders and Somatic Symptom Disorders
• What Is Dissociation?
• Dissociative Disorders
• Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
• Dissociative Amnesia
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Treatment for Dissociative Disorders
• Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
• Somatic Symptom Disorder
• Illness Anxiety Disorder
• Conversion Disorder
• Factitious Disorder
• Treatment for Somatic Symptom Disorders
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 10 Eating Disorders
• Feeding Disorders
• Pica
• Rumination Disorder
• Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
• Obesity
• Neuroscience Aspects of Obesity
• Prevalence of Obesity
• Body Image and Attitudes Toward Weight
• Overview of Eating Disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa
• Neuroscience and Anorexia
• Causes of Anorexia Nervosa
• Treating Anorexia Nervosa
• Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder
• Characteristics and Prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa
• Causes of Bulimia Nervosa
• Treating Bulimia Nervosa
• Binge Eating Disorder
• Treating Binge Eating
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 11 Sexual Disorders, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender Dysphoria
• Sexuality in Context
• Historical Perspectives
• Recent Studies on the Sexual Activities of Americans
• Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Response
• Your Brain and Sexual Activity
• Normal Sexual Functioning
• Sexual Dysfunction Disorders
• Erectile Disorder
• Female Orgasmic Disorder
• Delayed Ejaculation
• Early Ejaculation
• Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
• Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
• Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
• Treatment Approaches for Sexual Dysfunction Disorders
• Sex Therapy
• Medications and Other Treatments
• Paraphilic Disorders
• Exhibitionistic Disorder
• Frotteuristic Disorder
• Fetishistic Disorder
• Pedophilic Disorder
• Sexual Masochism Disorder
• Sexual Sadism Disorder
• Transvestic Disorder
• Voyeuristic Disorder
• Other Paraphilic Disorders
• Causes and Treatment Approaches for Paraphilic Disorders
• Gender Dysphoria
• Gender Roles, Gender Identity, and Gender Dysphoria
• Development, Characteristics, and Prevalence of Gender Dysphoria
• The Brain and Gender Dysphoria
• Providing Assistance for Individuals With Gender Dysphoria
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 12 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
• Drug Use in the United States
• Disordered Substance Use, Dependence, and Addiction
• Substance Disorders in DSM-5-TR and ICD-11
• Who Becomes Addicted?
• Genetic, Environmental, and Evolutionary Influences
• Pattern of Addiction
• Can Drugs Change Your Brain?
• Alcohol
• Effects of Alcohol on the Human Body
• Alcohol and Genetics
• Moderate, Heavy, and Binge Drinking
• Do People Who Drink More Like It More?
• DSM-5-TR Alcohol-Related Disorders
• Cannabis, Hallucinogens, and Opioids
• Cannabis
• Cannabis and Psychosis
• Hallucinogens
• Opioids
• Do You Have Opium Receptors in Your Brain?
• Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, Caffeine, and Nicotine
• Cocaine
• Cocaine, Dopamine, and Your Brain
• Amphetamines
• Caffeine
• Tobacco and Nicotine
• Gambling
• Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders
• Principles of Effective Treatment
• Psychosocial Therapies and Addiction
• The 12-Step Program
• Controlled Drinking Approaches
• Medications Used to Treat Addiction
• Summary
• Study Resources
• For Further Reading
• Key Terms
• Chapter 13 Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia Basics: Prevalence, Course, and Symptoms
• Prevalence and Course of Schizophrenia
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Positive Symptoms
• Negative Symptoms
• Multilevel Process for Diagnosing Schizophrenia
• Are There Subtypes of Schizophrenia?
• Historical and Evolutionary Perspectives on Schizophrenia
• Historical Perspective
• Evolutionary Perspective
• Factors in the Development of Schizophrenia
• Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
• Endophenotypes Associated With Schizophrenia
• Causes and Effects: Neuroscience Findings About Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia and Brain Function
• Schizophrenia and Brain Structure
• Gray Matter and White Matter Changes in Individuals With Schizophrenia
• Ventricle Changes in Individuals With Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia and Brain Networks
• Neurotransmitters Involved in Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia and Cognitive Processes
• Treating Individuals With Schizophrenia
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Psychosocial Interventions for Schizophrenia
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 14 Personality Disorders
• Personality Disorders and Personality
• What Is a Personality Disorder?
• Prevalence of Personality Disorders
• Comorbidity of Personality Disorders
• Environmental and Genetic Studies of Personality Disorders
• Personality Disorders and Typical Personality Traits
• The Characteristics of a Healthy Self
• Typical Personality Traits
• Evolution and Different Personality Characteristics
• Maladaptive Personality Traits and Personality Disorders
• Categories and Dimensions
• Odd, Eccentric Personality Disorders
• Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Dramatic Emotional Personality Disorders
• Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Psychopathy
• Brain Involvement in Psychopathy
• Borderline Personality Disorder
• Brain Studies of Those With Borderline Personality Disorder
• Trust and Borderline Personality Disorder
• Histrionic Personality Disorder
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Anxious Fearful Personality Disorders
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
• Treatment of Personality Disorders
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy
• Other Proven Therapies for Treating Borderline Personality Disorder
• Treatments for Other Personality Disorders
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 15 Neurocognitive Disorders
• Normal Cognitive Changes Related to Aging
• Do Cognitive Abilities Change With Age?
• How the Brain Changes With Age
• Categories of Neurocognitive Disorders
• Delirium: Characteristics, Prevalence, and Causes
• Neurocognitive Disorders: Characteristics, Prevalence, and Diagnosis
• Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer’s Disease
• Characteristics, Prevalence, and Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Brain Changes With Alzheimer’s Disease
• Neurofibrillary Tangles and Neuritic Plaques
• Microglia
• Genes and Alzheimer’s Disease
• Neuroimaging of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Other Causes of Neurocognitive Disorder
• Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
• Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
• The Development of Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder in a Scientist and Artist
• Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury
• Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Lewy Body Dementia
• Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson’s Disease
• Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection
• Substance-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder
• Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Huntington’s Disease
• Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Prion Disease
• Prevention, Treatment, and Support
• Prevention of Neurocognitive Disorders
• Can an Individual’s Activities Be Protective in Brain Changes?
• Treatment of and Support for Those With Neurocognitive Disorders
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms
• Chapter 16 The Law and Mental Health
• The American Legal System and the Insanity Defense
• Legal Competence: Standing Trial and Making Decisions
• Decision-Making Competence
• Competence and Mental Health Courts
• Ethical and Legal Issues in Mental Health Treatment
• Ethical and Legal Aspects of the Initial Contract for Treatment
• Emergency Commitment
• Psychiatric Advance Directives
• Sexual Predator Laws
• Neuroscience and Evolutionary Perspectives on the Legal Aspects of Psychopathology
• Summary
• Study Resources
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Glossary
• References
• Author Index
• Subject Index