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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Organization and New Content
• Featured Figures
• Acknowledgments
• Brief Contents
• Detailed Contents
• Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology
• Overview Inquiring About Life
• Concept 1.1 The study of life reveals unifying themes
• Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization
• Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information
• Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
• Theme: Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment
• Concept 1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
• Classifying the Diversity of Life
• Unity in the Diversity of Life
• Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
• The Tree of Life
• Concept 1.3 In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses
• Exploration and Discovery
• Gathering and Analyzing Data
• Forming and Testing Hypotheses
• The Flexibility of the Scientific Process
• A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Coat Coloration in Mouse Populations
• Variables and Controls in Experiments
• Theories in Science
• Science as a Social Process
• Unit 1 Chemistry and Cells
• 2 The Chemical Context of Life
• Overview The Importance of Chemistry to Life
• Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
• Elements and Compounds
• The Elements of Life
• Evolution of Tolerance to Toxic Elements
• Concept 2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
• Subatomic Particles
• Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
• Isotopes
• The Energy Levels of Electrons
• Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties
• Concept 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
• Covalent Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Weak Chemical Interactions
• Molecular Shape and Function
• Concept 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
• Concept 2.5 Hydrogen bonding gives water properties that help make life possible on Earth
• Cohesion of Water Molecules
• Moderation of Temperature by Water
• Floating of Ice on Liquid Water
• Water: The Solvent of Life
• Acids and Bases
• 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
• Overview Carbon Compounds and Life
• Concept 3.1 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
• The Formation of Bonds with Carbon
• Molecular Diversity Arising from Variation in Carbon Skeletons
• The Chemical Groups Most Important to Life
• ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes
• Concept 3.2 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
• The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
• The Diversity of Polymers
• Concept 3.3 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
• Sugars
• Polysaccharides
• Concept 3.4 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
• Fats
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Concept 3.5 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
• Amino Acid Monomers
• Polypeptides (Amino Acid Polymers)
• Protein Structure and Function
• Concept 3.6 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
• The Roles of Nucleic Acids
• The Components of Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotide Polymers
• The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules
• Concept 3.7 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
• DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution
• 4 A Tour of the Cell
• Overview The Fundamental Units of Life
• Concept 4.1 Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells
• Microscopy
• Cell Fractionation
• Concept 4.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
• Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
• A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell
• Concept 4.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out b
• The Nucleus: Information Central
• Ribosomes: Protein Factories
• Concept 4.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
• The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory
• The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center
• Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
• Vacuoles: Diverse Compartments
• The Endomembrane System: A Review
• Concept 4.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
• The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
• Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
• Peroxisomes: Oxidation
• Concept 4.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the
• Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility
• Components of the Cytoskeleton
• Concept 4.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activiti
• Cell Walls of Plants
• The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
• Cell Junctions
• Concept 4.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts
• 5 Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling
• Overview Life at the Edge
• Concept 5.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
• The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
• Transport Proteins
• Concept 5.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investmen
• Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance
• Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins
• Concept 5.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
• The Need for Energy in Active Transport
• How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential
• Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein
• Concept 5.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis
• Concept 5.6 The plasma membrane plays a key role in most cell signaling
• Local and Long-Distance Signaling
• The Three Stages of Cell Signaling: A preview
• Reception, the Binding of a Signaling Molecule to a Receptor Protein
• Transduction by Cascades of Molecular Interactions
• Response: Regulation of Transcription or Cytoplasmic Activities
• 6 Introduction to Metabolism
• Overview The Energy of Life
• Concept 6.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy
• Metabolic Pathways
• Forms of Energy
• The Laws of Energy Transformation
• Concept 6.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontan
• Free-Energy Change (DG), Stability, and Equilibrium
• Free Energy and Metabolism
• Concept 6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
• The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP
• How ATP Provides Energy that Performs Work
• The Regeneration of ATP
• Concept 6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
• The Activation Energy Barrier
• How Enzymes Speed Up Reactions
• Substrate Specificity of Enzymes
• Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active Site
• Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity
• The Evolution of Enzymes
• Concept 6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
• Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes
• Organization of Enzymes Within the Cell
• 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
• Overview Life Is Work
• Concept 7.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
• Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
• Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction
• The Stages of Cellular Respiration:
• Concept 7.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
• Concept 7.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energyyielding oxidation
• Concept 7.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthes
• The Pathway of Electron Transport
• Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
• An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
• Concept 7.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of ox
• Types of Fermentation
• Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration
• The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
• Concept 7.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
• The Versatility of Catabolism
• Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)
• 8 Photosynthesis
• Overview The Process That Feeds the Biosphere
• Concept 8.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
• Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants
• Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis
• The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview
• Concept 8.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
• The Nature of Sunlight
• Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors
• Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light
• A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes
• Linear Electron Flow
• A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
• Concept 8.3 The calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
• Evolution of Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon Fixation in Hot, Arid Climates
• Concept 8.4 Life depends on photosynthesis
• 9 The Cell Cycle
• Overview The Key Roles of Cell Division
• Concept 9.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
• Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material
• Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division
• Concept 9.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
• Phases of the Cell Cycle
• The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look
• Cytokinesis: A Closer Look
• Binary Fission in Bacteria
• The Evolution of Mitosis
• Concept 9.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
• Evidence for Cytoplasmic Signals
• Checkpoints of the Cell Cycle Control System
• Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells
• Unit 2 Genetics
• 10 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
• Overview Variations on a Theme
• Concept 10.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
• Inheritance of Genes
• Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
• Concept 10.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
• Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells
• Behavior of Chromosome Sets in the Human Life Cycle
• The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles
• Concept 10.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
• The Stages of Meiosis
• Crossing over and Synapsis During Prophase
• A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
• Concept 10.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
• Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring
• The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Variation Within Populations
• 11 Mendel and the Gene Idea
• Overview Drawing from the Deck of Genes
• Concept 11.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
• Mendel’s Experimental, Quantitative Approach
• The Law of Segregation
• The Law of Independent Assortment
• Concept 11.2 Probability laws govern mendelian inheritance
• The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to Monohybrid Crosses
• Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability
• Concept 11.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple mendelian genetics
• Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene
• Extending Mendelian Genetics for Two or More Genes
• Nature and Nurture: the Environmental Impact on Phenotype
• A Mendelian View of Heredity and Variation
• Concept 11.4 Many human traits follow mendelian patterns of inheritance
• Pedigree Analysis
• Recessively Inherited Disorders
• Dominantly Inherited Disorders
• Multifactorial Disorders
• Genetic Counseling Based on Mendelian Genetics
• 12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
• Overview Locating Genes Along Chromosomes
• Concept 12.1 Morgan showed that mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chro
• Morgan’s Choice of Experimental Organism
• Correlating Behavior of a Gene’s Alleles with Behavior of a Chromosome Pair
• Concept 12.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
• The Chromosomal Basis of Sex
• Inheritance of X-Linked Genes
• X Inactivation in Female Mammals
• Concept 12.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on
• How Linkage Affects Inheritance
• Genetic Recombination and Linkage
• Mapping the Distance Between Genes Using Recombination Data: Scientific Inquiry
• Concept 12.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
• Abnormal Chromosome Number
• Alterations of Chromosome Structure
• Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations
• 13 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• Overview Life’s Operating Instructions
• Concept 13.1 DNA is the genetic material
• The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry
• Building a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific Inquiry
• Concept 13.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
• The Basic Principle: Base Pairing to a Template Strand
• DNA Replication: A Closer Look
• Proofreading and Repairing DNA
• Evolutionary Significance of Altered DNA Nucleotides
• Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules
• Concept 13.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
• Concept 13.4 Understanding DNA structure and replication makes genetic engineering possible
• DNA Cloning: Making Multiple Copies of a Gene or Other DNA Segment
• Using Restriction Enzymes to Make a Recombinant DNA Plasmid
• Amplifying DNA: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Its Use in Cloning
• DNA Sequencing
• Editing Genes and Genomes
• 14 Gene Expression: From Gene To Protein
• Overview The Flow of Genetic Information
• Concept 14.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
• Evidence from Studying Metabolic Defects
• Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation
• The Genetic Code
• Concept 14.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: A Closer Look
• Molecular Components of Transcription
• Synthesis of an RNA Transcript
• Concept 14.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
• Alteration of mRNA Ends
• Split Genes and RNA Splicing
• Concept 14.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: A Closer Look
• Molecular Components of Translation
• Building a Polypeptide
• Completing and Targeting the Functional Protein
• Making Multiple Polypeptides in Bacteria and Eukaryotes
• Concept 14.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function
• Types of Small-Scale Mutations
• New Mutations and Mutagens
• What Is a Gene? Revisiting the Question
• 15 Regulation of Gene Expression
• Overview Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder
• Concept 15.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
• Differential Gene Expression
• Regulation of Transcription Initiation
• Regulation of Chromatin Structure
• Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Regulation
• Concept 15.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
• Effects on mRNAs by MicroRNAs and Small Interfering RNAs
• Chromatin Remodeling and Effects on Transcription by Noncoding RNAs
• Concept 15.4 Researchers can monitor expression of specific genes
• Studying the Expression of Single Genes
• Studying the Expression of Groups of Genes
• 16 Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer
• Overview Orchestrating Life’s Processes
• Concept 16.1 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multic
• A Genetic Program for Embryonic Development
• Cytoplasmic Determinants and Inductive Signals
• Sequential Regulation of Gene Expression During Cellular Differentiation
• Pattern Formation: Setting Up the Body Plan
• Genetic Analysis of Early Development: Scientific Inquiry
• Concept 16.2 Cloning of organisms showed that differentiated cells could be “reprogrammed” and u
• Cloning Plants: Single-Cell Cultures
• Cloning Animals: Nuclear Transplantation
• Stem Cells of Animals
• Concept 16.3 Abnormal regulation of genes that affect the cell cycle can lead to cancer
• Types of Genes Associated with Cancer
• Interference with Cell-Signaling Pathways
• The Multistep Model of Cancer Development
• Inherited Predisposition and Other Factors Contributing to Cancer
• 17 Viruses
• Overview A Borrowed Life
• Concept 17.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
• Viral Genomes
• Capsids and Envelopes
• Concept 17.2 Viruses replicate only in host cells
• General Features of Viral Replicative Cycles
• Replicative Cycles of Phages
• Bacterial Defenses Against Phages
• Replicative Cycles of Animal Viruses
• Evolution of Viruses
• Concept 17.3 Viruses and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants
• Viral Diseases in Animals
• Emerging Viruses
• Viral Diseases in Plants
• Prions: Proteins as Infectious Agents
• 18 Genomes and Their Evolution
• Overview Mining the Genome
• Concept 18.1 The human genome project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing tech
• Concept 18.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
• Centralized Resources for Analyzing Genome Sequences
• Understanding the Functions of Protein-Coding Genes
• Understanding Genes and Gene Expression at the Systems Level
• Concept 18.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
• Genome Size
• Number of Genes
• Gene Density and Noncoding DNA
• Concept 18.4 Multicellular eukaryotes have a lot of noncoding DNA and many multigene families
• Transposable Elements and Related Sequences
• Other Repetitive DNA, Including Simple Sequence DNA
• Genes and Multigene Families
• Concept 18.5 Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
• Duplication of Entire Chromosome Sets
• Alterations of Chromosome Structure
• Duplication and Divergence of Gene-Sized Regions of Dna
• Rearrangements of Parts of Genes: Exon Duplication and Exon Shuffling
• How Transposable Elements Contribute to Genome Evolution
• Concept 18.6 Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development
• Comparing Genomes
• Widespread Conservation of Developmental Genes Among Animals
• Unit 3 Evolution
• 19 Descent with Modification
• Overview Endless Forms Most Beautiful
• Concept 19.1 The darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young earth inhabited by unc
• Scala Naturae and Classification of Species
• Ideas About Change over Time
• Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution
• Concept 19.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms an
• Darwin’s Research
• The Voyage of the Beagle
• Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation
• Ideas from The Origin of Species
• Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation
• Concept 19.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
• Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change
• Homology
• The Fossil Record
• Biogeography
• What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life?
• 20 Phylogeny
• Overview Investigating the Evolutionary History of Life
• Concept 20.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
• Binomial Nomenclature
• Hierarchical Classification
• Linking Classification and Phylogeny
• What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
• Applying Phylogenies
• Concept 20.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
• Morphological and Molecular Homologies
• Sorting Homology from Analogy
• Evaluating Molecular Homologies
• Concept 20.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
• Cladistics
• Phylogenetic Trees with Proportional Branch Lengths
• Maximum Parsimony
• Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses
• Concept 20.4 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
• Molecular Clocks
• Applying a Molecular Clock: Dating the Origin of Hiv
• Concept 20.5 New information continues to revise our understanding of evolutionary history
• From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains
• The Important Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer
• 21 The Evolution of Populations
• Overview The Smallest Unit of Evolution
• Concept 21.1 Genetic variation makes evolution possible
• Genetic Variation
• Sources of Genetic Variation
• Concept 21.2 The hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
• Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies
• The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
• Concept 21.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a popul
• Natural Selection
• Genetic Drift
• Gene Flow
• Concept 21.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
• Natural Selection: A Closer Look
• The Key Role of Natural Selection in Adaptive Evolution
• Balancing Selection
• Sexual Selection
• Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms
• 22 The Origin of Species
• Overview That “Mystery of Mysteries”
• Concept 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
• The Biological Species Concept
• Other Definitions of Species
• Concept 22.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
• Allopatric (“Other Country”) Speciation
• Sympatric (“Same Country”) Speciation
• Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review
• Concept 22.3 Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
• Patterns Within Hybrid Zones
• Hybrid Zones and Environmental Change
• Hybrid Zones over Time
• Concept 22.4 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
• The Time Course of Speciation
• Studying the Genetics of Speciation
• From Speciation to Macroevolution
• 23 Broad Patterns of Evolution
• Overview A Surprise in the Desert
• Concept 23.1 The fossil record documents life’s history
• The Fossil Record
• How Rocks and Fossils Are Dated
• Fossils Frame the Geologic Record
• The Origin of New Groups of Organisms
• Concept 23.2 The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extincti
• Plate Tectonics
• Mass Extinctions
• Adaptive Radiations
• Concept 23.3 Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of d
• Effects of Developmental Genes
• The Evolution of Development
• Concept 23.4 Evolution is not goal oriented
• Evolutionary Novelties
• Evolutionary Trends
• Unit 4 The Evolutionary History of Life
• 24 Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes
• Overview The First Cells
• Concept 24.1 Conditions on early earth made the origin of life possible
• Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth
• Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules
• Protocells
• Self-Replicating RNA
• Fossil Evidence of Early Life
• Concept 24.2 Diverse structural and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
• Cell-Surface Structures
• Motility
• Internal Organization and DNA
• Nutritional and Metabolic Adaptations
• Reproduction
• Adaptations of Prokaryotes: A Summary
• Concept 24.3 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in pr
• Rapid Reproduction and Mutation
• Genetic Recombination
• Concept 24.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
• An Overview of Prokaryotic Diversity
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Concept 24.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
• Chemical Recycling
• Ecological Interactions
• Impact on Humans
• 25 The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes
• Overview Shape Changers
• Concept 25.1 Eukaryotes arose by endosymbiosis more than 1.8 billion years ago
• The Fossil Record of Early Eukaryotes
• Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution
• Concept 25.2 Multicellularity has originated several times in eukaryotes
• Multicellular Colonies
• Independent Origins of Complex Multicellularity
• Steps in the Origin of Multicellular Animals
• Concept 25.3 Four “supergroups” of eukaryotes have been proposed based on morphological and mole
• Four Supergroups of Eukaryotes
• Excavates
• SAR: Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians
• Archaeplastids
• Unikonts
• Concept 25.4 Single-Celled eukaryotes play key roles in ecological communities and affect human heal
• Structural and Functional Diversity in Protists
• Photosynthetic Protists
• Symbiotic Protists
• Effects on Human Health
• 26 The Colonization of Land
• Overview The Greening of Earth
• Concept 26.1 Fossils show that plants colonized land more than 470 million years ago
• Evidence of Algal Ancestry
• Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land
• Derived Traits of Plants
• Early Plants
• Concept 26.2 Though not closely related to plants, fungi played a key role in the colonization of la
• The Origin of Fungi
• Fungal Adaptations for Life on Land
• Diversification of Fungi
• Concept 26.3 Early plants radiated into a diverse set of lineages
• Bryophytes: A Collection of Basal Plant Lineages
• Seedless Vascular Plants: The First Plants to Grow Tall
• Concept 26.4 Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
• Terrestrial Adaptations in Seed Plants
• Early Seed Plants and the Rise of Gymnosperms
• The Origin and Diversification of Angiosperms
• Concept 26.5 Plants and fungi fundamentally changed chemical cycling and biotic interactions
• Physical Environment and Chemical Cycling
• Biotic Interactions
• 27 The Rise of Animal Diversity
• Overview Life Becomes Dangerous
• Concept 27.1 Animals originated more than 700 million years ago
• Fossil and Molecular Evidence
• Early-Diverging Animal Groups
• Concept 27.2 The diversity of large animals increased dramatically during the “Cambrian explosion
• Evolutionary Change in the Cambrian Explosion
• Dating the Origin of Bilaterians
• Concept 27.3 Diverse animal groups radiated in aquatic environments
• Animal Body Plans
• The Diversification of Animals
• Bilaterian Radiation I: Diverse Invertebrates
• Concept 27.4 Vertebrates have been the ocean’s dominant predators for more than 400 million years
• Bilaterian Radiation Ii: Aquatic Vertebrates
• Summary: Effects of Bilaterian Radiations I and Ii
• Concept 27.5 Several animal groups had features facilitating their colonization of land
• Early Land Animals
• Colonization of Land by Arthropods
• Terrestrial Vertebrates
• Concept 27.6 Amniotes have key adaptations for life in a wide range of terrestrial environments
• Terrestrial Adaptations in Amniotes
• The Origin and Radiation of Amniotes
• Human Evolution
• Concept 27.7 Animals have transformed ecosystems and altered the course of evolution
• Ecological Effects of Animals
• Evolutionary Effects of Animals
• Unit 5 Plant Form and Function
• 28 Vascular Plant Structure and Growth
• Overview Beauty Through Repetition
• Concept 28.1 Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
• The Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
• Dermal, Vascular, and Ground Tissue
• Common Types of Plant Cells
• Concept 28.2 Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth
• Gene Expression and Control of Cell Differentiation
• Meristematic Control of the Transition to Flowering and the Life Spans of Plants
• Concept 28.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
• Primary Growth of Roots
• Primary Growth of Shoots
• Concept 28.4 Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
• The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular Tissue
• The Cork Cambium and the Production of Periderm
• 29 Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants
• Overview A Whole Lot of Shaking Going on
• Concept 29.1 Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants
• Shoot Architecture and Light Capture
• Root Architecture and Acquisition of Water and Minerals
• Concept 29.2 Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances
• The Apoplast and Symplast: Transport Continuums
• Short-Distance Transport of Solutes Across Plasma Membranes
• Short-Distance Transport of Water Across Plasma Membranes
• Long-Distance Transport: the Role of Bulk Flow
• Concept 29.3 Plant roots absorb many types of essential elements from the soil
• Macronutrients and Micronutrients
• Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency
• Soil Management
• The Living, Complex Ecosystem of Soil
• Concept 29.4 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms
• Bacteria and Plant Nutrition
• Fungi and Plant Nutrition
• Epiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous Plants
• Concept 29.5 Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the x
• Absorption of Water and Minerals by Root Cells
• Transport of Water and Minerals into the Xylem
• Bulk Flow Transport Via the Xylem
• Xylem Sap Ascent by Bulk Flow: A Review
• Concept 29.6 The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata
• Stomata: Major Pathways for Water Loss
• Mechanisms of Stomatal Opening and Closing
• Stimuli for Stomatal Opening and Closing
• Effects of Transpiration on Wilting and Leaf Temperature
• Adaptations That Reduce Evaporative Water Loss
• Concept 29.7 Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem
• Movement from Sugar Sources to Sugar Sinks
• Bulk Flow by Positive Pressure: the Mechanism of Translocation in Angiosperms
• 30 Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants
• Overview Getting Hooked
• Concept 30.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cy
• Flower Structure and Function
• Flower Formation
• The Angiosperm Life Cycle: an Overview
• Pollination: A Closer Look
• Seed Development and Structure
• Germination, Growth, and Flowering
• Fruit Structure and Function
• Concept 30.2 Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
• Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction
• Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization
• Totipotency, Vegetative Reproduction, and Tissue Culture
• Concept 30.3 People modify crops through breeding and genetic engineering
• Plant Breeding
• Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
• The Debate over Plant Biotechnology
• 31 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
• Overview Stimuli and a Stationary Life
• Concept 31.1 Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
• The Discovery of Plant Hormones
• A Survey of Plant Hormones
• Concept 31.2 Responses to light are critical for plant success
• Photomorphogenesis
• Biological Clocks and Circadian Rhythms
• Photoperiodism and Responses to Seasons
• Concept 31.3 Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
• Gravity
• Mechanical Stimuli
• Environmental Stresses
• Concept 31.4 Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens
• Defenses Against Herbivores
• Defenses Against Pathogens
• Unit 6 Animal Form and Function
• 32 The Internal Environment of Animals: Organization and Regulation
• Overview Diverse Forms, Common Challenges
• Concept 32.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
• Concept 32.2 The endocrine and nervous systems act individually and together in regulating animal ph
• An Overview of Coordination and Control
• Endocrine Glands and Hormones
• Regulation of Endocrine Signaling
• Simple Endocrine Pathways
• Neuroendocrine Signaling
• Hormone Solubility
• Multiple Effects of Hormones
• Concept 32.3 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
• Regulating and Conforming
• Homeostasis
• Thermoregulation: A Closer Look
• Concept 32.4 A shared system mediates osmoregulation and excretion in many animals
• Osmosis and Osmolarity
• Osmoregulatory Challenges and Mechanisms
• Nitrogenous Wastes
• Excretory Processes
• Concept 32.5 The mammalian kidney’s ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation
• From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look
• Concentrating Urine in the Mammalian Kidney
• Adaptations of the Vertebrate Kidney to Diverse Environments
• Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney
• 33 Animal Nutrition
• Overview The Need to Feed
• Concept 33.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential
• Essential Nutrients
• Dietary Deficiencies
• Concept 33.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
• Digestive Compartments
• Concept 33.3 Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestiv
• The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
• Digestion in the Stomach
• Digestion in the Small Intestine
• Absorption in the Small Intestine
• Processing in the Large Intestine
• Concept 33.4 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
• Dental Adaptations
• Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations
• Mutualistic Adaptations in Humans
• Mutualistic Adaptations in Herbivores
• Concept 33.5 Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy allocation, and appetite
• Regulation of Digestion
• Energy Allocation
• Regulation of Appetite and Consumption
• 34 Circulation and Gas Exchange
• Overview Trading Places
• Concept 34.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
• Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
• Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
• Concept 34.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
• Mammalian Circulation
• The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
• Maintaining the Heart’s Rhythmic Beat
• Concept 34.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vess
• Blood Vessel Structure and Function
• Blood Flow Velocity
• Blood Pressure
• Capillary Function
• Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System
• Concept 34.4 Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
• Blood Composition and Function
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Concept 34.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
• Partial Pressure Gradients in Gas Exchange
• Respiratory Media
• Respiratory Surfaces
• Gills in Aquatic Animals
• Tracheal Systems in Insects
• Lungs
• Concept 34.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
• How a Mammal Breathes
• Control of Breathing in Humans
• Concept 34.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
• Coordination of Circulation and Gas Exchange
• Respiratory Pigments
• Carbon Dioxide Transport
• Respiratory Adaptations of Diving Mammals
• 35 The Immune System
• Overview Recognition and Response
• Concept 35.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathoge
• Innate Immunity of Invertebrates
• Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
• Evasion of Innate Immunity by Pathogens
• Concept 35.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-Specific recognition
• Antigen Recognition by B Cells and Antibodies
• Antigen Recognition by T Cells
• B Cell and T Cell Development
• Concept 35.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
• Helper T Cells: Activating Adaptive Immunity
• B Cells and Antibodies: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
• Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Host Cells
• Summary of the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
• Immunization
• Active and Passive Immunity
• Antibodies as Tools
• Immune Rejection
• Disruptions in Immune System Function
• Cancer and Immunity
• 36 Reproduction and Development
• Overview Let Me Count the Ways
• Concept 36.1 Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
• Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma
• Reproductive Cycles
• Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction
• External and Internal Fertilization
• Ensuring the Survival of Offspring
• Concept 36.2 Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
• Variation in Reproductive Systems
• Human Male Reproductive Anatomy
• Human Female Reproductive Anatomy
• Gametogenesis
• Concept 36.3 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates reproduction in mammals
• Biological Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation in Human Sexuality
• Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System
• Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
• Human Sexual Response
• Concept 36.4 Development of an egg into a mature embryo requires fertilization, cleavage, gastrulati
• Fertilization
• Cleavage
• Gastrulation
• Conception, Cleavage, and Embryo Implantation in Humans
• Embryonic Development in Humans
• Fetal Development and Birth
• Contraception
• Infertility and in Vitro Fertilization
• 37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
• overview Lines of Communication
• Concept 37.1 Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer
• Neuron Structure and Function
• Introduction to Information Processing
• Concept 37.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
• Formation of the Resting Potential
• Modeling the Resting Potential
• Concept 37.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
• Hyperpolarization and Depolarization
• Graded Potentials and Action Potentials
• Generation of Action Potentials:
• Conduction of Action Potentials
• Concept 37.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
• Generation of Postsynaptic Potentials
• Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
• Modulated Signaling at Synapses
• Neurotransmitters
• 38 Nervous and Sensory Systems
• Overview Command and Control Center
• Concept 38.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
• Glia
• Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System
• The Peripheral Nervous System
• Concept 38.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
• Functional Imaging of the Brain
• Arousal and Sleep
• Biological Clock Regulation
• Emotions
• The Brain’s Reward System and Drug Addiction
• Concept 38.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
• Language and Speech
• Lateralization of Cortical Function
• Information Processing
• Frontal Lobe Function
• Evolution of Cognition in Vertebrates
• Neuronal Plasticity
• Memory and Learning
• Future Directions in Brain Research
• Concept 38.4 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous
• Sensory Reception and Transduction
• Transmission
• Perception
• Amplification and Adaptation
• Types of Sensory Receptors
• Concept 38.5 In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles
• Sensing of Gravity and Sound in Invertebrates
• Hearing and Equilibrium in Mammals
• Concept 38.6 The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light-absorbing pigments
• Evolution of Visual Perception
• The Vertebrate Visual System
• 39 Motor Mechanisms and Behavior
• Overview The How and Why of Animal Activity
• Concept 39.1 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
• Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
• Other Types of Vertebrate Muscle
• Concept 39.2 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
• Types of Skeletal Systems
• Types of Locomotion
• Concept 39.3 Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
• Fixed Action Patterns
• Migration
• Behavioral Rhythms
• Animal Signals and Communication
• Concept 39.4 Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
• Experience and Behavior
• Learning
• Concept 39.5 Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behavior
• Evolution of Foraging Behavior
• Mating Behavior and Mate Choice
• Concept 39.6 Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the
• Genetic Basis of Behavior
• Genetic Variation and the Evolution of Behavior
• Altruism
• Inclusive Fitness
• Unit 7 Ecology
• 40 Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms
• Overview Discovering Ecology
• Concept 40.1 Earth’s climate influences the distribution of terrestrial biomes
• Global Climate Patterns
• Regional and Local Effects on Climate
• Climate and Terrestrial Biomes
• General Features of Terrestrial Biomes
• Concept 40.2 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of earth
• Concept 40.3 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
• Dispersal and Distribution
• Biotic Factors
• Abiotic Factors
• Concept 40.4 Biotic and abiotic factors affect population density, dispersion, and demographics
• Density and Dispersion
• Demographics
• Concept 40.5 The exponential and logistic models describe the growth of populations
• Changes in Population Size
• Exponential Growth
• Carrying Capacity
• The Logistic Growth Model
• The Logistic Model and Real Populations
• Concept 40.6 Population dynamics are influenced strongly by life history traits and population densi
• “Trade-Offs” and Life Histories
• Population Change and Population Density
• Mechanisms of Density-Dependent Population Regulation
• Population Dynamics
• 41 Ecological Communities
• Overview Communities in Motion
• Concept 41.1 Interactions between species may help, harm, or have no effect on the individuals invol
• Competition
• Exploitation
• Positive Interactions
• Concept 41.2 Biological communities can be characterized by their diversity and trophic structure
• Species Diversity
• Diversity and Community Stability
• Trophic Structure
• Species with a Large Impact
• Bottom-Up and Top-Down Controls
• Concept 41.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
• Characterizing Disturbance
• Ecological Succession
• Human Disturbance
• Concept 41.4 Biogeographic factors affect community diversity
• Latitudinal Gradients
• Area Effects
• Concept 41.5 Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally
• Effects on Community Structure
• Community Ecology and Zoonotic Diseases
• 42 Ecosystems and Energy
• Overview Transformed to Tundra
• Concept 42.1 Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
• Conservation of Energy
• Conservation of Mass
• Energy, Mass, and Trophic Levels
• Concept 42.2 Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
• Ecosystem Energy Budgets
• Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems
• Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Concept 42.3 Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
• Production Efficiency
• Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids
• Concept 42.4 Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
• Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Rates
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• Case Study: Nutrient Cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
• Concept 42.5 Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
• Bioremediation
• Biological Augmentation
• Ecosystems: A Review
• 43 Conservation Biology and Global Change
• Overview Psychedelic Treasure
• Concept 43.1 Human activities threaten earth’s biodiversity
• Three Levels of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity and Human Welfare
• Threats to Biodiversity
• Concept 43.2 Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical hab
• Small-Population Approach
• Declining-Population Approach
• Weighing Conflicting Demands
• Concept 43.3 Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity
• Landscape Structure and Biodiversity
• Establishing Protected Areas
• Concept 43.4 Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions
• Nutrient Enrichment
• Toxins in the Environment
• Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
• Concept 43.5 The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
• The Global Human Population
• Global Carrying Capacity
• Concept 43.6 Sustainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity
• Sustainable Development
• The Future of the Biosphere
• Appendix A Answers
• Appendix B Periodic Table of the Elements
• Appendix C The Metric System
• Appendix D A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron Microscope
• Appendix E Classification of Life
• Appendix F Scientific Skills Review
• Credits
• Glossary
• Index
• Back Cover