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• Cover
• Endorsements
• Half-Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• PART 1 New Technologies, New Creative Opportunities
• CHAPTER 1 – Storytelling, Old and New
• Storytelling: An Ancient Human Activity
• Interactivity and Storytelling
• Participatory Dramas
• Mythological Symbolism and Digital Storytelling
• Familiar Rituals and Digital Storytelling
• Rites of Passage and Digital Storytelling
• Games and Digital Storytelling
• Ancient Games and Digital Storytelling
• Board Games and Digital Storytelling
• Children’s Games and the “Fun Factor”
• Fantasy Role-Play for Adults
• Nonlinear Fiction before the Computer
• Nonlinear Drama in Theater and Motion Pictures
• The Special Characteristics of Digital Storytelling
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 2 – Backwater to Mainstream: The Growth of Digital Entertainment
• An Extremely Recent Beginning
• A Brief History of the Computer
• The Birth of the Internet
• The First Video Games
• Less Familiar Forms of Interactive Entertainment
• The Evolution of Content for a New Medium
• The Early Days of a New Medium
• Harnessing Convergence to Digital Storytelling
• Transmedia Storytelling as a Form of Convergence
• Alternate Reality Games: A Special Form of Transmedia Storytelling
• Borrowed Technologies
• New Ways to Tell Stories
• The Profound Impact of Digital Media
• Changes in the Consumption of Entertainment
• The Third Screen’s Impact on Hollywood
• How Advertisers Are Responding
• The Impact on Journalism and How We Receive Information
• The Internet as a Journalistic Medium
• What the Digital Revolution Means for Content
• Types of User-Generated Content
• Virtual Worlds
• Social Media Sites
• Video-Sharing Sites
• Fan Fiction
• Machinima
• Digital Technology and the Arts
• A Global Perspective
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• PART 2 Creating Story-Rich Projects
• CHAPTER 3 – Interactivity and Its Effects
• What Is Interactivity?
• Interactivity as a Conversation
• What Happens to the Audience?
• The User, the Author, and Interactivity
• Immersiveness
• Types of Interactivity
• How Interactivity Impacts Content
• Using Gaming Techniques to Supply the Missing Cohesion
• Games as Abstract Stories
• Drama in an Abstract Game
• Stories That Are Not Games
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 4 – Old Tools/New Tools
• An Assortment of Storytelling Tools
• Learning from Games
• Learning from Myths
• Learning from Aristotle
• Learning from Contemporary Storytellers
• Other Useful Old Tools
• The Storyline in Linear and Interactive Narratives
• A Hollywood Writer’s View of Interactive Media
• Ten New Tools
• Interface and Navigation
• Systems for Determining Events and Assigning Variables
• Assigning a Role and Point of View to the User
• Working with New Types of Characters and Artificial Intelligence
• New Ways of Connecting Story Elements
• Gameplay
• Rewards and Penalties
• New Kinds of Structures
• The Use of Time and Space
• Sensors and Special Hardware
• The Collaborative Process
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 5 – Characters, Dialogue, and Emotions
• Characters in an Interactive Environment
• The Role of Characters in Digital Storytelling
• The Differences between Characters in Linear and Interactive Storytelling
• Where Did All the Characters Go?
• Classic Characters from Linear Media
• The User as Protagonist
• The User’s Avatar
• The User’s Point of View
• The User’s Many Possible Roles
• Computer-Controlled Characters: Antagonists and Others
• Creating Worthy Opponents
• A Multiple Number or Succession of Antagonists
• Other Types of NPCs
• Intelligent Characters
• Conflict between Characters with AI
• Chatbots
• Synthetic Characters
• Creating Characters for an Interactive Environment
• Techniques for Developing Memorable Characters
• Constructing a Character Arc
• Emergent Behavior
• Dialogue and Other Forms of Verbal Communication
• Other Forms of Communication
• Classic Dialogue
• Dialogue in Digital Storytelling
• Guidelines for Verbal Communications
• The Role of Emotion
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 6 – Structure in Digital Storytelling
• Styrofoam Peanuts
• The Basic Building Blocks of Traditional Drama
• The Basic Building Blocks of Interactive Narratives
• The If/Then Construct
• Branching Structures
• The Branching Structure in iTV and iCinema
• The Critical Story Path
• Structural Models That Support the Critical Story Path
• The Passenger Train Model
• Other Structural Models
• Spaces to Explore
• Structures That Are More Angular
• The Modular Structure
• Sophisticated Story Models
• The Collective Journey Model
• Creating Your Own Structural Model
• Determining a Structure
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 7 – Your Audience
• Who Is Your Audience?
• Children: A Significant Piece of the Digital Pie
• Understanding the Young User
• How Children Develop
• Soliciting Help from Experts, Large and Small
• Age-Appropriateness
• The Parents’ Point of View
• The Use of Humor
• Offer Satisfying Challenges and Rewards
• A Final Tip: Be Respectful
• Girls and Women
• Creating Projects for Women
• Seniors and Digital Media
• The Medically Ill and Disabled
• Other Parts of the World and Other Ethnic Groups
• Specialized Works for Domestic Populations
• Zeroing in on Your Target Audience
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 8 Social Media and Storytelling
• Inserting the Social into the Media
• The Power of Social Media
• Characters on Social Media
• Works of Fiction Using Social Media
• Austen Lives On
• Other Works of Social Media Fiction
• A Darker Social Media Story
• Other Approaches to Social Media Storytelling
• Works of Non-Fiction Using Social Media
• Social Media Games
• Does Humor Have Any Role to Play in Social Media?
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 9 Guidelines: Creating a New Project
• The Development Period and Why It Is Critical
• Five All-Too-Common Errors
• The First Step: Creating the Core Concept
• Other Early Decisions
• How Projects Evolve during Development
• Other Steps in the Preproduction Phase
• A 10-Step Development Checklist
• Documents and Artwork
• The Concept Document
• The Bible
• The Design Document
• The Dialogue Script
• Flowcharts
• Concept Art
• Storyboards
• Prototype
• Specialized Documents and Artwork
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• PART 3 Harnessing Digital Storytelling for Pragmatic Goals
• CHAPTER 10 – Using Digital Storytelling to Teach, Promote, and Inform
• “A Spoonful of Sugar”
• Applying Digital Storytelling to Teaching and Training
• Digital Media and Young Learners
• Games in the Classroom
• Games at Home and Abroad
• “Drill and Kill” Games
• Digital Media and Older Learners
• The Role of Educational Games for Older Learners
• Gamification in Education
• Games for Organizations
• Online Courses
• Useful Techniques for Combining Teaching with Digital Storytelling
• Determining Where the Educational Content Fits In
• Setting the Curriculum
• Creating a Program Conducive to Active Learning
• Setting Levels of Difficulty
• Establishing a Compelling Premise and End-Goal
• Creating a Rewards System
• Using Simulations
• Using Peer-To-Peer Learning
• Additional Digital Tools for Education and Training
• Transmedia Storytelling and Alternate Reality Games
• Mobile Phones, Tablet Computers, and Apps
• Immersive Experiences
• Other Digital Storytelling Techniques
• The Growth of the Serious Games Movement
• A Cross-Section of Serious Games
• Developing Serious Games for the Military
• Combining Digital Storytelling and Training
• A Sample Interactive Training Course
• Other Digital Options for Teaching
• Guidelines for Projects That Blend Storytelling with Teaching and Training
• Using Digital Storytelling Techniques for Promotion
• Viral Marketing
• Digital Media Venues for Promotion and Advertising
• Applying Digital Storytelling Techniques and Genres to Promotion
• Product Placement
• Branded Content
• Social Marketing
• Public Advocacy Campaigns
• Web Series
• Gaming
• Advergaming and Casual Games
• Video Games
• Alternate Reality Games
• Massively Multiplayer Online Games and Virtual Worlds
• Gamification
• Music Videos
• “Construction Kit” Commercials
• Short Films
• Webcam Peepshows
• Transmedia Storytelling
• Social Media
• Mobile Apps
• Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
• A Unique Transmedia Venture
• The Impact of Digital Media on News and Information
• The Growing Popularity of Digital Media as a News Source
• The Digital Revolution and Traditional News Media
• Applying Digital Storytelling Techniques to News and Information
• Utilizing Personal Stories
• Community-Building Elements
• Games and Game-Like Activities
• Using Humor
• Offering Multiple Points of View
• An Array of Platforms
• The Internet
• Mobile Devices
• Agent-Based Modeling
• Locative Journalism
• Interactive and Second-Screen TV
• Virtual Reality (VR)
• Electronic Kiosks
• Interactive Documentaries
• Museum Installations
• Transmedia Productions
• Wikis
• Special Considerations for Creating Informational Projects
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• PART 4 Media and Models: Under the Hood
• CHAPTER 11 Video Games
• Video Games: The 10,000-Pound Gorilla of Interactive Entertainment
• Video Games and Their Place in the Overall Entertainment Universe
• The Great Debate
• Narrative in Games
• Adapting a Game from Other Source Material
• The Unique Characteristics of Video Games
• Gameplay
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Interface and Navigation
• Categories and Genres of Games
• Game Platforms
• Small Was Big
• Types of Games
• Game Genres
• The Ways Games Are Played
• The Enormous Popularity of Fortnite
• New Games and the Fading Away of Once-Popular Genres
• Single versus Multiplayer Games
• Violence and Video Games
• Independent (“Indie”) Games
• The Challenge of Storytelling in Open World Games
• Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games
• The Characteristics of the MMORPG
• Narrative in MMORPGs
• Why So Powerfully Addictive?
• A Player’s Point of View
• The MMORPG-Makers’ Point of View
• Breaking Fresh Ground
• The Characters
• Reaching a Broad Demographic
• The Role of the Treadmill
• Story and Structure
• The Future of MMORPGs
• The Rise of Casual Games
• Who Plays Games and Why?
• Gamification
• What Can We Learn from Games?
• Tips for Newbie Game-Makers
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 12 The Internet
• The Evolution of the Internet
• Internet Connectivity across the Globe
• The Popularity of Youtube Videos
• YouTube Success Stories
• The Quest for “Stickiness”
• YouTube Stickiness
• TV as a Role Model?
• Some Unique Web Genres
• Web Series, or Webisode
• Web Series with a Hollywood Parentage
• Professionally Produced Web Series
• Original Web Series
• A Close Look at a Successful Original Web Series: Enter the Dojo
• Non-Fiction and Fictional Blogs
• Non-Fiction Blogs
• Fictional or Faux Blogs
• Webcam Dramas
• Comedy Shorts
• Interactive Mysteries and Adventures
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 13 Mobile Devices and Apps
• The Metamorphosis of the Telephone
• The Progenitor: A Snake
• The Appeal of Mobile Devices and Apps
• Mobile’s Special Challenges and Opportunities
• Mobile Devices and Digital Storytelling
• Mobile Games
• Good for the Little Ones?
• Creating Content for Mobile Devices
• Putting Mobile Devices to Practical Use
• A Few Considerations
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 14 Interactive Cinema and Interactive TV
• Hold the Popcorn!
• A Bird’s Eye View of the Field
• Large-Screen Interactive Cinema
• Group-Based Interactivity
• Involving the Audience
• A Sample Large-Screen Experience
• Special Challenges of Large-Screen Interactive Cinema
• Other Venues for Large-Screen iCinema
• Small Screen Works of iCinema
• The Hyperstory
• Database Narratives
• Other Documentary Forms
• User as Fulcrum
• The Spatial Narrative
• Other Fiction-Based Small-Screen Forms of iCinema
• Multiplot Stories on a Grid
• Employing DVD Technology
• Stories with User-Generated Characters
• iCinema Works Driven by Social Media
• iCinema Works Controlled by the Movements of Audience Members
• Interactive Television
• Winning Over the Couch Potato
• Various Forms of iTV
• New Advances in iTV
• The View from the Frontier
• Pushing The Envelope
• When iTV Becomes “Just Television”
• A Variety of Approaches
• Applying iTV to Drama on the BBC
• The Dual-Screen Experience: A Real-Life Example
• How Second-Screen TV Is Being Used
• Dramatic Shows and Social TV
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 15 Smart Toys and Life-Like Robots
• Venturing into the Metaphysical
• Smart Toys and Life-Like Robots: What Do They Have in Common?
• A Long History
• Today’s Smart Toys
• The Challenges of Creating a Smart Toy
• The Process of Developing a Smart Toy
• The Toy Inventor’s Perspective
• A Toy Manufacturer’s Perspective
• The Toy Developer’s Perspective
• Robots for Kids
• Toy Robots: Not Just for Kids
• Working Robots
• Spiritual and Violent Robots
• Animatronic Characters: Stars of the Stage and Screen
• Androids: Too Much Like Us?
• Designing Robots to Be Likable, Not Creepy
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• PART 5 Immersive Media
• 16 What Are Immersive Media?
• Science Fiction Territory
• Defining Immersive Environments
• The Promise of Immersive Storytelling
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• CHAPTER 17 VR, AR, and Mixed Reality (XR)
• Welcome to the Outer Edges of Cyberspace
• VR and AR 101
• VR and Entertainment
• Narrative Experiences in VR
• Nonfiction Narrative in VR
• VR for the Body, Soul, and Mind
• VR and Location-Based Entertainment
• A Modern Twist on the Old Beach Arcade
• VR Games for Home Use
• A Selection of VR Games
• Using VR for Practical Purposes
• Training
• Using VR to Inform
• History and Newsworthy Events in VR
• Education
• Medicine and Psychotherapy
• Another Approach to Healing
• Science
• College Recruitment
• Retail
• Other Uses
• Augmented Reality
• AR in Gaming
• Different Approaches to AR Games
• AR in Narrative Works
• Entertainment Experiences Using AR
• Other Ways AR Is Being Employed
• Mixed Reality
• Smale-Scale Works of Mixed Reality
• Mixed Reality in a Military Scenario
• Cultural Institutions: A New Home for Mixed Reality
• Ghosts in the Graveyard; Dolphins in the Ocean; Coyotes in the Desert
• A Virtual Character Appears in Mixed Reality
• Mixed Reality and Entertainment
• When Mixed Reality Turns You into a Spy
• Conclusion
• Idea Generating Excercises
• CHAPTER 18 Immersive Narratives and Immersive Spaces
• Immersive Narratives
• Immersive Theater as a Model
• Escape Rooms
• Immersive and Interactive Theme Park Rides
• An Other-Worldly Theme Park Experience
• Old and New Settings for Immersive Narratives
• Modern Venues for Narrative Immersion
• Meow Wolf’s Immersive Stories
• Taking Immersive Narrative to the Extreme
• Immersive Spaces
• Immersion with Objects and Architectural Elements
• Immersion through Projections
• Team Lab and Image-Based Immersion
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Excercises
• CHAPTER 19 Screen-Based Immersion
• Utilizing Movie Screens for Immersiveness
• The Influence of Immersive Theater
• Large-Screen Immersiveness for Audiences—The 4-D Dark Ride
• Single-Participant Large-Screen Immersiveness
• Immersive Multiplayer Motion-Sensing Games
• Fulldome Productions
• An Artist’s Take on Creating for Fulldome
• Conclusion
• Idea-Generating Exercises
• PART 6 Career Considerations
• 20 Working as a Digital Storyteller
• A New Occupation
• The Life of a Digital Storyteller
• Selling an Original Idea
• Thinking Outside the Box
• The Different Employment Paths
• Common Entry Points
• Working as a Freelancer
• Legal Considerations
• Educating Yourself
• Industry Events
• The People Connection
• Some Pointers for a Career in New Media
• Showcasing Your Work: Is It Worthwhile?
• Considerations in Creating a Professional Showcase
• Portfolio or Single-Piece Approach?
• Distribution Method?
• Subject Matter and Approach?
• Gaps in Necessary Skills?
• Odd Todd: A Case Study
• The Hows and Whys of Odd Todd
• Keeping Things Going
• Some Other Approaches to Showcasing
• Lonely No More
• Pointers for Making Your Own Showcase
• Afterword
• Glossary
• Additional Readings
• Project Index
• Subject Index