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Emergency and Acute Medicine on the Move

Emergency and Acute Medicine on the Move

Höfundur Naomi Meardon; Shireen Siddiqui; Elena Del Vescovo

Útgefandi Taylor & Francis

Snið ePub

Print ISBN 9781444145694

Útgáfa 1

Útgáfuár 2016

6.190 kr.

Description

Efnisyfirlit

  • Front Matter
  • Preface
  • AUTHORS
  • EDITORS
  • EDITORIAL ADVISOR
  • EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
  • SERIES EDITORS
  • Acknowledgements
  • Reference values
  • FULL BLOOD COUNT
  • IRON PROFILE
  • B12 AND FOLATE
  • CLOTTING
  • U&E
  • OSMOLALITIES
  • LFTS
  • TFTS
  • CALCIUM & PHOSPHATE
  • SERUM CORTISOL
  • ABG
  • LIPID PROFILE
  • HDL CHOLESTEROL
  • List of abbreviations
  • An explanation of the text
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-print
  • MICRO-case
  • MICRO-reference
  • Inside Front Cover
  • Part I Emergency and acute medicine
  • 1 Emergency algorithms
  • 1.1 ASSESSING THE ACUTELY UNWELL PATIENT
  • The ABCDE approach
  • Procedure
  • Fig. 1.1 Assessing the unwell patient ABCDE algorithm.
  • Fig. 1.2 Cardiac arrest/advanced life support algorithm.
  • 1.2 ANAPHYLAXIS
  • Fig. 1.3 Management of anaphylaxis algorithm.
  • 1.3 ANALGESIA
  • Methods of pain relief
  • Analgesic drugs
  • Specific drug considerations
  • Analgesic ladder prescription algorithm
  • Fig. 1.4 Analgesia prescription algorithm.
  • 2 Clinical presentations
  • Fig. 2.1 Abdominal pain.
  • Fig. 2.2 Back pain.
  • Fig. 2.3 Chest pain.
  • Fig. 2.4 Confusion.
  • Fig. 2.5 Diarrhoea.
  • Fig. 2.6 Falls/collapse.
  • Fig. 2.7 Haematuria.
  • Fig. 2.8 Joint pain.
  • Fig. 2.9 Leg swelling.
  • Fig. 2.10 Low urine output.
  • Fig. 2.11 Rash.
  • Fig. 2.12 Rectal bleeding.
  • Fig. 2.13 Shortness of breath.
  • Fig. 2.14 Weakness.
  • 3 Cardiology
  • 3.1 CHEST PAIN
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Table 3.1 Causes of chest pain
  • ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
  • Definition
  • MICRO-reference
  • MICRO-print
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 3.1 ECG of STEMI.
  • Table 3.2 Comparison of STEMI and NSTEMI, unstable angina
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • Fig. 3.2 Management of acute coronary syndromes.
  • Contraindications to thrombolysis
  • Table 3.3 Contraindications to thrombolysis
  • Secondary prevention
  • Complications of MI
  • PERICARDITIS
  • Definitions
  • Aetiology
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-print
  • Management
  • AORTIC DISSECTION
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigation
  • Management
  • Fig. 3.3 Management of aortic dissection.
  • MICRO-case
  • 3.2 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (ECG)
  • Definition
  • Table 3.4 Area of the heart and its corresponding chest lead
  • Fig. 3.4 Normal ECG.
  • Table 3.5 ECG interpretation with normal values
  • MICRO-facts
  • 3.3 PALPITATIONS
  • Definition
  • Causes
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • SINUS TACHYCARDIA
  • Definition
  • Causes
  • ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
  • Classification of AF
  • Table 3.6 Classification of AF
  • Causes
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Table 3.7 Investigations of AF
  • Fig. 3.5 ECG of atrial fibrillation.
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-reference
  • Fig. 3.6 Management of AF.
  • REGULAR NARROW-COMPLEX TACHYCARDIAS
  • Definition
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Fig. 3.7 Management of narrow-complex tachycardia.
  • MICRO-reference
  • Long-term management
  • VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
  • Definition
  • Causes
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 3.8 ECG of VT.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • Further management
  • Fig. 3.9 Management of VT.
  • MICRO-reference
  • 3.4 BRADYCARDIA
  • Definition
  • Causes
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 3.10 ECG of first degree HB.
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-reference
  • Fig. 3.11 Management of bradycardia.
  • 3.5 ACUTE HEART FAILURE
  • Aetiology
  • Table 3.8 Causes of heart failure: comparison of low and high cardiac outputs
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • Fig. 3.12 Chest X-ray of acute heart failure.
  • Long-term management
  • MICRO-reference
  • MICRO-case
  • 3.6 SEVERE HYPERTENSION
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Signs of end-organ damage
  • Table 3.9 Signs of end-organ damage
  • Management
  • Indications for admission
  • Fig. 3.13 Management of severe hypertension.
  • Indications to rapidly reduce BP
  • 4 Respiratory
  • 4.1 ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (ABGs)
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Respiratory indications
  • Contraindications
  • Interpretation
  • Fig. 4.1 ABG interpretation in a patient with suspected respiratory disease.
  • RESPIRATORY FAILURE
  • Table 4.1 Common causes of type I vs. type II respiratory failure
  • 4.2 OXYGEN PRESCRIPTION
  • Indications
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • Fig. 4.2 Adapted BTS oxygen therapy guidelines.
  • 4.3 ACUTE ASTHMA EXACERBATION: ‘ASTHMA ATTACK’
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 4.3 Clinical features of asthma.
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • Fig. 4.4 Management of asthma.
  • 4.4 EXACERBATION OF COPD
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Fig. 4.5 Management of COPD.
  • MICRO-case
  • 4.5 PNEUMONIA
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Fig. 4.6 Chest X-ray showing focal consolidation of right upper lobe pneumonia.
  • Management
  • Fig. 4.7 Management of pneumonia.
  • MICRO-case
  • 4.6 PNEUMOTHORAX
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Fig. 4.8 Management of pneumothorax.
  • 4.7 DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • Fig. 4.9 Virchow triad.
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Fig. 4.10 Wells criteria for DVT.
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-print
  • 4.8 PULMONARY EMBOLISM (PE)
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-print
  • Clinical assessment
  • Fig. 4.11 Wells criteria for PE.
  • Management
  • MICRO-print
  • 4.9 PLEURAL EFFUSION
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Table 4.2 Diagnosis of pleural effusion
  • Management
  • MICRO-print
  • 5 Gastroenterology
  • 5.1 UPPER GASTRO INTESTINAL (GI) BLEED
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Table 5.1 Clinical features of upper GI bleed according to cause
  • Assessing severity
  • Investigations
  • Management of acute upper GI bleed
  • Further management
  • MICRO-facts
  • Signs of re-bleed
  • MICRO-reference
  • Fig. 5.1 Management of upper GI bleeds.
  • Table 5.2 Rockall scoring
  • 5.2 OESOPHAGEAL VARICES
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-case
  • 5.3 LOWER GI BLEED
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Table 5.3 Causes and clinical features of lower GI bleeds
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Table 5.4 Management of lower GI bleed
  • MICRO-facts
  • 5.4 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Table 5.5 Comparison of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
  • Extraintestinal features
  • Features of severe episode
  • Fig. 5.2 AXR of toxic megacolon.
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-reference
  • 5.5 DIARRHOEA
  • MICRO-facts
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • 5.6 ACUTE LIVER FAILURE
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Investigations
  • ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 5.3 Examination findings in acute (on chronic) liver failure.
  • Management
  • Table 5.6 Kings’ College criteria for transplant in acute liver failure
  • 5.7 HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • Complications
  • 5.8 ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigation
  • Management
  • 6 Neurology
  • 6.1 STROKE
  • Definition
  • Epidemiology
  • Risk factors
  • Pathophysiology
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • ISCHAEMIC VS. HAEMORRHAGIC STROKE
  • Clinical features
  • Diagnosis
  • Table 6.1 Clinical features of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke
  • Fig. 6.1 Rule out stroke in the emergency room (ROSIER) tool.
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Fig. 6.2 Stroke management algorithm.
  • 6.2 TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • Fig. 6.3 Management of transient ischaemic attack.
  • Stroke risk assessment
  • Fig. 6.4 ABCD2 stroke risk assessment tool.
  • MICRO-case
  • 6.3 SEIZURES AND STATUS EPILEPTICUS
  • Definitions
  • Aetiology
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Further management
  • Fig. 6.5 Management of seizures.
  • 6.4 TRANSIENT LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (SYNCOPE)
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 6.6 Systemic clinical features of syncope.
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Syncope vs. seizure
  • Table 6.2 Clinical features of syncope and seizures
  • 6.5 HEADACHE
  • Aetiology
  • Management
  • Table 6.3 Management of headache
  • MICRO-case
  • 6.6 GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Aetiology
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 7 Endocrinology and electrolyte abnormalities
  • 7.1 DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Epidemiology
  • Risk factors
  • Key features
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • Fig. 7.1 Management of DKA.
  • Monitoring
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-reference
  • MICRO-case
  • HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCAEMIC STATE (HHS)
  • Definition
  • MICRO-print
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations and management
  • DKA vs. HHS
  • Table 7.1 Differentiating features between DKA and HHS
  • HYPOGLYCAEMIA
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • Table 7.2 Clinical features of hypoglycaemic states
  • MICRO-facts
  • 7.2 HYPOADRENAL (ADDISONIAN) CRISIS
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 7.3 THYROTOXIC CRISIS
  • Epidemiology
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 7.4 ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES
  • HYPONATRAEMIA
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-print
  • Aetiology
  • Fig. 7.2 Aetiology of hyponatraemia.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 7.3 Clinical features of hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia.
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • HYPERNATRAEMIA
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Table 7.3 Aetiology of hypernatraemia
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-case
  • CALCIUM (CA2+) DISTURBANCES
  • HYPOCALCAEMIA
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Aetiology
  • Table 7.4 Aetiology of hypocalcaemia
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 7.4 Physiology of calcium regulation.
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-print
  • Hypercalcaemia
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Table 7.5 Aetiology of hypercalcaemia
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 7.5 Clinical features of hypo- and hypercalcaemia.
  • Investigations
  • Table 7.6 Biochemistry results typically found in some conditions related to altering calcium levels
  • MICRO-print
  • Management
  • POTASSIUM DISTURBANCES
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 7.6 Clinical features of hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia.
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Hyperkalaemia
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Table 7.7 Aetiology of hyperkalaemia
  • Fig. 7.7 ECG changes in hyperkalaemia.
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-print
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-case
  • 8 Renal emergencies
  • 8.1 ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
  • Definitions
  • Features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Epidemiology and risk factors
  • Consequences of abnormal renal function
  • Table 8.1 Consequences of abnormal renal function
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 8.1 Clinical features of renal failure.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Aetiology
  • Table 8.2 Aetiology of renal failure divided by anatomical location
  • Investigations
  • Table 8.3 Calculated eGFR and the corresponding stage of CKD
  • Management
  • Fig. 8.2 Management of acute renal failure.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Indications for haemodialysis/haemofiltration
  • Table 8.4 Complications of ARF and their indications for dialysis
  • Indicators of a poor prognosis
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-reference
  • MICRO-case
  • 8.2 URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
  • Pathophysiology
  • Microbiology
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 8.3 Comparison of lower UTI and pyelonephritis.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Table 8.5 Laboratory findings of a urine infection
  • Management
  • Complications
  • MICRO-print
  • MICRO-case
  • 9 Haematology
  • 9.1 ANAEMIA
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Diagnostic indicators
  • Investigations
  • Diagnostic approach
  • Management
  • Fig. 9.1 Differential diagnosis of anaemia.
  • 9.2 COAGULOPATHIES
  • Aetiology
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 9.3 ANTICOAGULANTS: WARFARIN
  • Warfarin in the ED
  • Considerations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Initiation following acute thrombosis
  • MICRO-facts
  • Routine monitoring
  • MICRO-facts
  • Table 9.1 Target INR level in patients taking warfarin, according to condition
  • Overtreatment
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • Fig. 9.2 Management of over-treatment with warfarin.
  • MICRO-case
  • 9.4 ANTICOAGULANTS: LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Preparations
  • Complications
  • 9.5 ANTICOAGULANTS: UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Preparation
  • Complications
  • 9.6 ANTICOAGULANTS: OTHER AGENTS
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Preparations
  • Complications
  • 9.7 BLOOD TRANSFUSION
  • General principles
  • Blood products
  • Table 9.2 Blood products and indications for their use
  • Administration
  • Fig. 9.3 Administration of a blood transfusion.
  • Blood transfusion
  • Fig. 9.4 Blood transfusion orientation.
  • Acute blood transfusion reaction
  • Fig. 9.5 Acute transfusion reaction algorithm.
  • 9.8 DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 10 Poisoning and environmental accidents
  • 10.1 ASSESSMENT
  • ABCDE
  • Toxbase®
  • MICRO-reference
  • 10.2 PARACETAMOL TOXICITY
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • Risk assessment
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 10.1 Treatment chart for acetylcysteine in paracetamol.
  • Management
  • Table 10.1 Management of paracetamol overdose
  • MICRO-print
  • 10.3 ASPIRIN TOXICITY
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 10.4 OPIOID TOXICITY
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 10.5 TRICYCLIC TOXICITY
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 10.6 BENZODIAZEPINE TOXICITY
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 10.7 CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • 10.8 OTHER TOXINS AND ANTIDOTES
  • Table 10.2 Toxins and antidotes
  • 10.9 BURNS
  • Assessment
  • Fig. 10.2 Rule of nines body chart.
  • Table 10.3 Rule of nines
  • Management
  • Table 10.4 Degree burn developed
  • MICRO-print
  • MICRO-case
  • 11 Surgical emergencies
  • 11.1 ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN
  • Aetiology
  • Table 11.1 Causes of acute abdominal pain
  • History
  • Examination
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • 11.2 APPENDICITIS
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigation
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • 11.3 GALLSTONES
  • Definition
  • Table 11.2 Location of gallstone and condition caused
  • BILIARY COLIC
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • ASCENDING CHOLANGITIS
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • ACUTE PANCREATITIS
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Table 11.3 Investigation findings in acute pancreatitis
  • Prognostic indicators
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-print
  • 11.4 ACUTE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
  • Causes
  • Table 11.4 Causes of bowel obstruction
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Table 11.5 Radiographic differences between small and large bowel obstruction
  • Management
  • Fig. 11.1 Small bowel obstruction.
  • Fig. 11.2 Large bowel obstruction.
  • MICRO-case
  • 11.5 MESENTERIC INFARCTION
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Table 11.6 Aetiology of mesenteric infarction
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • 11.6 UROLOGY
  • RENAL COLIC
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Table 11.7 Investigation findings in renal colic
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • TESTICULAR TORSION
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • TESTICULAR LUMPS
  • Aetiology
  • Fig. 11.3 Aetiology of testicular lumps.
  • ORCHITIS/EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS
  • Clinical features
  • Investigation
  • Management
  • 11.7 VASCULAR
  • ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • Investigation
  • Management
  • ACUTE LIMB ISCHAEMIA
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • 12 Trauma
  • 12.1 RESUSCITATION
  • Principles
  • Primary survey
  • Secondary survey
  • Fig. 12.1 Primary survey.
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-facts
  • 12.2 COMPROMISED AIRWAY
  • Causes
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • MICRO-reference
  • 12.3 CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
  • Initial management
  • MICRO-reference
  • MICRO-reference
  • MICRO-reference
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 12.2 Plain radiograph of cervical spine.
  • MICRO-reference
  • Management
  • MICRO-reference
  • 12.4 BREATHING
  • Assessment
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 12.5 CIRCULATION
  • 12.6 TRAUMATIC HAEMORRHAGIC SHOCK
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • DISABILITY
  • Definition
  • Assessment
  • Fig. 12.3 Management of haemorrhagic shock.
  • MICRO-facts
  • 12.7 EXPOSURE
  • Definition
  • Management
  • 12.8 POTENTIALLY LIFE-THREATENING INJURIES
  • TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • TRAUMATIC PNEUMOTHORAX
  • Definition
  • Causes
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • HAEMOTHORAX
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • RIB FRACTURE
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • FLAIL CHEST
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 12.4 Chest X-ray with multiple rib fractures.
  • Management
  • CARDIAC TAMPONADE
  • Definition
  • MICRO-print
  • Differential diagnosis
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Table 12.1 Initial investigations for cardiac tamponade
  • AORTIC RUPTURE
  • MICRO-facts
  • Mechanism of injury
  • Causes
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • ABDOMINAL INJURY
  • Causes
  • Affected organs
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • PELVIC FRACTURE
  • Causes
  • Examination
  • Table 12.2 Examination areas in pelvic fractures
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 12.5 Plain radiograph of an ‘open book’ injury pelvic fracture.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • HEAD INJURY
  • Definition
  • Causes
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 12.6 Periorbital haematoma.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 12.7 CT scan of an extradural haematoma following a head injury.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • MICRO-reference
  • Fig. 12.8 Immediate management of head injury.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Complications
  • FACIAL INJURY
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Aetiology
  • Associated injuries
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Table 12.3 Assessment of facial injuries
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Complications
  • MAXILLOFACIAL FRACTURES
  • Nasal fracture
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Zygomatic (malar) fracture
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Maxillary fracture
  • Aetiology
  • Grading
  • Table 12.4 Classification of maxillary fractures using the Le Fort classification
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • Orbital fracture
  • Aetiology
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Mandibular fracture
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 12.9 BITES
  • Aetiology
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 13 Orthopaedics
  • 13.1 FRACTURES
  • Definition
  • Describing a fracture
  • Table 13.1 Describing a fracture
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 13.1 X-rays of different fractures.
  • Management
  • 13.2 OPEN FRACTURE
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 13.3 UPPER LIMB FRACTURES
  • Fig. 13.2 Colles’ fracture.
  • Fig. 13.3 Scaphoid fracture.
  • Fig. 13.4 Smith’s fracture.
  • Table 13.2 Upper limb fractures: mechanism of injury, clinical features and management
  • 13.4 LOWER LIMB FRACTURES
  • HIP FRACTURE
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 13.5 X-ray showing a neck of femur fracture.
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURE
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • ANKLE FRACTURE
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-print
  • Management
  • 13.5 FRACTURE COMPLICATIONS
  • Table 13.3 Complications of a fracture
  • COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
  • Definition
  • Causes
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Complications
  • COMMON NERVE INJURIES
  • Table 13.4 Common nerve injuries
  • 13.6 OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES
  • Definition
  • Fracture sites
  • Table 13.5 Common sites of osteoporotic fractures
  • Management
  • 13.7 DISLOCATIONS
  • Definition
  • SHOULDER
  • Types
  • Fig. 13.6 Plain radiograph of posterior shoulder dislocation.
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • ANKLE
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • SOFT TISSUE INJURY
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • 13.8 KNEE INJURIES
  • MICRO-facts
  • RUPTURED ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MENISCAL TEAR
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 13.9 ACUTE BACK PAIN
  • Aetiology
  • Red flag symptoms
  • Table 13.6 Red flag symptoms for back pain
  • Investigations
  • CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • CORD COMPRESSION
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Complications
  • MECHANICAL BACK PAIN
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • 13.10 ACUTE JOINT PAIN
  • AETIOLOGY
  • SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • ACUTE GOUT
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • 14 Paediatrics
  • 14.1 ASSESSING THE PAEDIATRIC PATIENT
  • Principles
  • Paediatric history taking
  • Table 14.1 Assessment of paediatric patients
  • Normal values
  • MICRO-facts
  • Table 14.2 Normal values in paediatric patients
  • MICRO-facts
  • Pain management
  • Basic life support
  • MICRO-reference
  • Fig. 14.1 Paediatric Basic Life Support (BLS) algorithm.
  • Choking management
  • Fig. 14.2 Choking management algorithm.
  • 14.2 RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
  • BRONCHIOLITIS
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Severity assessment
  • Table 14.3 Assessing bronchiolitis severity
  • Management
  • MICRO-case
  • ASTHMA
  • Clinical features
  • Table 14.4 Assessment of asthma severity
  • Management
  • MICRO-reference
  • CROUP
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • Table 14.5 Westley modified croup score
  • WHOOPING COUGH
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • INHALED FOREIGN BODY
  • Key points
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations and management
  • Aetiology and epidemiology
  • Table 14.6 Causative organisms of LRTI ordered by age group and prevalence, with most common cause first
  • MICRO-reference
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 14.3 CXR: Right upper lobe consolidation.
  • Management
  • 14.3 GASTROINTESTINAL AND RENAL TRACT CONDITIONS
  • ABDOMINAL PAIN
  • Aetiology
  • Table 14.7 Causes of abdominal pain in paediatric patients
  • Diagnosis and management
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigation
  • Management
  • MICRO-case
  • Fig. 14.4 Testicular torsion showing necrotic right testis.
  • ACUTE APPENDICITIS
  • MESENTERIC ADENITIS
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • INTUSSUSCEPTION
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • 14.4 DIARRHOEA AND VOMITING
  • Aetiology
  • Table 14.8 Causes of diarrhoea and vomiting in paediatric patients
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 14.5 DEHYDRATION
  • Clinical features and severity assessment
  • Table 14.9 Assessing severity of dehydration
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • Table 14.10 Calculating fluid maintenance
  • Fig. 14.5 Calculating fluid rehydration.
  • 14.6 THE FEBRILE CHILD
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Table 14.11 Causes of a febrile child
  • Investigations: Septic screen
  • Management
  • 14.7 FEBRILE CONVULSIONS
  • Definition
  • Epidemiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Table 14.12 Management of febrile convulsions
  • 14.8 MENINGITIS AND MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA
  • MICRO-facts
  • Aetiology
  • Key points
  • Table 14.13 Causative organisms in meningitis
  • History
  • Examination
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Fig. 14.6 Petechial rash.
  • Management
  • Fig. 14.7 Emergency management of meningococcal septicaemia.
  • MICRO-reference
  • 14.9 SKIN CONDITIONS
  • RASHES
  • ATOPIC ECZEMA
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • Table 14.14 Skin rashes and causes
  • Fig. 14.8 Flexural eczema.
  • URTICARIA
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA (HSP)
  • Definition
  • Fig. 14.9 Urticaria wheals.
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Fig. 14.10 Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
  • Investigation
  • Management
  • SCABIES
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • HAND-FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • Fig. 14.11 Scabies.
  • Fig. 14.12 Molluscum contagiosum.
  • VARICELLA ZOSTER (CHICKEN POX)
  • Aetiology
  • Management
  • Complications
  • MICRO-facts
  • MEASLES
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Complications
  • Fig. 14.13 Measles rash.
  • Management
  • MUMPS
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Complications
  • Management
  • RUBELLA
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Complications
  • Management
  • 14.10 EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
  • TONSILLITIS AND PHARYNGITIS
  • MICRO-facts
  • OTITIS MEDIA
  • EPIGLOTTITIS
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • Acute epiglottitis vs. croup
  • Table 14.15 Acute epiglottitis vs. croup
  • 14.11 URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Diagnosis
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • MICRO-references
  • 14.12 THE LIMPING CHILD
  • Aetiology
  • 14.13 THE HYPOGLYCAEMIC (NON-DIABETIC) CHILD
  • Definition
  • Management
  • 14.14 NON-ACCIDENTAL INJURY AND ABUSE
  • Definition
  • Recognition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • 15 Obstetrics and gynaecology
  • 15.1 THE PREGNANT PATIENT
  • Definitions
  • Management
  • 15.2 EMERGENCY DELIVERY
  • Clinical features
  • Assessment
  • Management
  • 15.3 VAGINAL BLEEDING IN PREGNANCY
  • Aetiology
  • Table 15.1 Causes of vaginal bleeding in pregnancy
  • Clinical features according to aetiology
  • Table 15.2 Clinical features and causes of vaginal bleeding
  • 15.4 ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 15.5 MISCARRIAGE
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • 15.6 PLACENTAL ABRUPTION
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • 15.7 PLACENTA PRAEVIA
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • Management
  • 15.8 VASA PRAEVIA
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-case
  • 15.9 HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 15.10 PRE-ECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Complications
  • Management
  • 15.11 MENORRHAGIA
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Management
  • MICRO-case
  • 15.12 GYNAECOLOGICAL PAIN
  • PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • ENDOMETRIOSIS
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • 15.13 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
  • Medications used
  • Contraindications
  • Advice
  • 16 Ear, nose and throat
  • 16.1 THE EAR
  • OTITIS EXTERNA
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA (AOM)
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Table 16.1 Stages of acute otitis media
  • Fig. 16.1 Otitis media.
  • ACUTE HEARING LOSS
  • Aetiology
  • Management
  • 16.2 THE NOSE
  • EPISTAXIS
  • Aetiology
  • Risk factors
  • Management
  • Table 16.2 Management of epistaxis
  • MICRO-case
  • NASAL FRACTURE
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • 16.3 THROAT
  • PHARYNGITIS AND TONSILLITIS
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Complications
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
  • Aetiology
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-print
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 16.4 FOREIGN BODIES
  • EAR
  • NOSE
  • MICRO-print
  • THROAT
  • 16.5 FACIAL NERVE PALSY
  • Clinical features
  • Table 16.3 Features of facial nerve palsy
  • BELL’s PALSY
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • RAMSAY HUNT SYNDROME
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • MICRO-print
  • 16.6 VERTIGO
  • Clinical features
  • Table 16.4 Causes of vertigo
  • 17 Ophthalmology
  • 17.1 THE ACUTELY RED EYE
  • Causes
  • Table 17.1 Causes of red eye
  • 17.2 ACUTE VISUAL LOSS
  • Causes
  • Table 17.2 Causes of vision loss
  • 17.3 ORBITAL CELLULITIS
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features (Table 17.3 and Fig. 17.1)
  • Table 17.3 Differences between pre-septal and post-septal cellulitis
  • Fig. 17.1 Pre-septal cellulitis and orbital cellulitis.
  • Management
  • 17.4 FOREIGN BODY (FB)
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Examination
  • Management
  • 18 Infectious diseases
  • 18.1 NOTIFIABLE DISEASES
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • 18.2 EMPIRICAL ANTIBIOTIC DOSES
  • Table 18.1 Empirical antibiotic doses for common infections
  • MICRO-reference
  • 18.3 GASTROENTERITIS
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Fig. 18.1 Management of gastroenteritis.
  • Transmission avoidance
  • Complications
  • Fig. 18.2 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
  • 18.4 CELLULITIS
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Risk factors
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • 18.5 ERYSIPELAS
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • Fig. 18.3 Antibiotic treatment of cellulitis and erysipelas.
  • 18.6 NECROTIZING FASCIITIS
  • Definition
  • MICRO-facts
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-print
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-case
  • 18.7 MENINGITIS AND MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA
  • Definitions
  • Risk factors
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Table 18.2 Clinical features of adult meningitis
  • Management
  • Fig. 18.4 Management of adult meningitis.
  • Investigations
  • Further management
  • Table 18.3 Differential lumbar puncture results for infective meningitis
  • MICRO-print
  • 18.8 INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
  • Definition
  • Risk factors
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Table 18.4 Features of infective endocarditis
  • MICRO-print
  • Investigations
  • Diagnosis
  • Management
  • Further investigation
  • Fig. 18.5 Diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis.
  • Aetiology
  • Table 18.5 Causative organisms of infective endocarditis
  • MICRO-print
  • Treatment
  • Table 18.6 Treatment of infective endocarditis
  • 19 Psychiatry
  • 19.1 DELIBERATE SELF-HARM
  • Causes
  • Methods of self-harm
  • MICRO-facts
  • Assessing suicidal intent
  • Table 19.1 SAD Persons scoring system to assess suicide risk
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • 19.2 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
  • Causes
  • Management
  • MICRO-facts
  • 19.3 SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS
  • Clinical features
  • ACUTE DYSTONIA
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • MICRO-print
  • 19.4 LITHIUM TOXICITY
  • Clinical features
  • MICRO-facts
  • Table 19.2 Clinical features of lithium toxicity according to blood levels
  • 19.5 ALCOHOL ABUSE
  • CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL ABUSE
  • Fig. 19.1 Consequences of alcohol abuse.
  • ACUTE ALCOHOL TOXICITY
  • Clinical features
  • Differential diagnosis
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Assessment of alcohol dependence
  • MICRO-facts
  • ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL
  • Definition
  • Management
  • DELIRIUM TREMENS
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • WERNICKE’s ENCEPHALOPATHY
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • KORSAKOFF’s PSYCHOSIS
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Management
  • MICRO-case
  • 19.6 SUBSTANCE ABUSE
  • Common drugs
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • 19.7 PSYCHOSIS
  • Definition
  • Aetiology
  • MICRO-facts
  • Clinical features
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Complications
  • 19.8 DELIRIUM
  • Definition
  • Clinical features
  • Aetiology
  • Investigations
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • Part II Self-assessment
  • 20 Cardiology
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Question 4
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • 21 Respiratory
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Stem 1 Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Stem 2 Diagnostic options
  • Question 4
  • Question 5
  • Question 6
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Answers
  • EMQ answers
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • Answer 5
  • Answer 6
  • SBA answers
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • 22 Gastroenterology
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • 23 Neurology
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Stem 1 Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Stem 2 Diagnostic options
  • Question 4
  • Question 5
  • Question 6
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • Answer 5
  • Answer 6
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • 24 Endocrinology and electrolyte abnormalities
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Question 4
  • Question 5
  • Question 6
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • Answer 5
  • Answer 6
  • 25 Renal emergencies
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Question 4
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • 26 Haematology
  • Questions
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Answers
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • 27 General surgery
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 2
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Question 4
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • 28 Trauma and orthopaedics
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Question 4
  • Question 5
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • Answer 5
  • 29 Paediatrics
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 2
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 3
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Question 4
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • 30 Obstetrics and gynaecology
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 2
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Question 4
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • 31 ENT and ophthalmology
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 2
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Question 4
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • 32 Infectious diseases
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Stem 1 Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Stem 2 Diagnostic options
  • Question 4
  • Question 5
  • Question 6
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • Answer 5
  • Answer 6
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • 33 Psychiatry
  • Questions
  • EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 1
  • SBAs
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Question 4
  • Answers
  • EMQ ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • SBA ANSWERS
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • Back Matter
  • Index
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