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• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• PREFACE
• THE AUTHORS
• Dedication
• PART 1: THE WHY AND WHAT OF ETHNOGRAPHY
• 1 WHAT IS ETHNOGRAPHY?
• Ethnography: The Engaged, Firsthand Study of Society and Culture in Action
• A Brief History
• How Ethnography Has Changed: Doing Contemporary Ethnography
• Ethnography as Firsthand Research
• Ethnographer as Research Instrument
• Collaboration as Research Model: Ethnographer as Student
• 2 CHOOSING AN ETHNOGRAPHIC TOPIC
• Where to Look for Possible Topics
• Ethnographic Topics: Studying Places, People, or Events
• The Benefits of a Relatively Specific Focus
• Thinking About the Nonobvious as Discoverable
• Cultural Knowledge and Behavior in Action as Research Objects
• Practical Concerns
• Considering Ethics from the Start: Your Obligations to Potential Informants
• Topics You Might Want to Avoid
• 3 RESEARCH DESIGN
• Turning an Idea or Topic into a Research Question
• Linking Questions to Methods
• Key Methods to Consider for the Ethnographic Project
• What Is Practical or Feasible? Time, Availability, and Ethics
• 4 WRITING A PROPOSAL
• Identifying and Reviewing Appropriate Literature
• Statement of the Problem
• A Clear Research Plan
• Identifying Your Project’s Larger Relevance
• Human Subjects Review and Approval
• PART 2: ETHNOGRAPHY IN THE FIELD: COLLECTING DATA
• 5 A GUIDE TO COLLECTING DATA AND TAKING NOTES
• The Fleeting Nature of Ethnographic Data
• “Should I Write it Down Immediately?”
• The Importance of Detail in the Ethnographic Record
• Writing Notes Versus Using Recorders
• The Prospects of Transcription
• What Is Important and What Is Superfluous:“What Do I Need to Write Down?”
• The Ethics of Collecting Information
• 6 PARTICIPANT-OBSERVATION
• The Apparent Paradox: Participation and Observation
• Balancing Participation and Observation
• The Importance of Time
• Depending on Informants as Teachers and Guides
• Getting Started
• Regular Versus Extraordinary Behavior and Conversations
• 7 INTERVIEWS
• Starting with Informal Interviews and Conversations
• Informal Conversation as an Avenue to “Real” Culture
• A Good Interviewer Is a Good Listener
• How to Record Interview Data
• Using an Interview Schedule
• How to Start an Interview
• Good Versus Bad Interview Questions
• When to Conduct Formal Interviews
• 8 ANALYZING ALONG THE WAY
• Identifying Key Themes and Questions: Paying Attention to Your Data
• How to Organize Your Notes
• What Have You Learned?
• What Do You Still Need to Do?
• Has the Research Question Changed?
• Tweaking the Research Design
• Getting Feedback from Your Informants
• Writing at the Midway Point
• 9 ETHNOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Space and Movement as Key Components of Culture
• The Importance of Space, Shape, and Distance
• Large- and Small-Scale Geographic Maps
• Mapping Interior Spaces
• Cognitive or Conceptual Maps
• Representing Movement and Behavior on a Map
• 10 TABLES AND CHARTS
• Ethnographic Tables
• Interpersonal Relationships as a Manifestation of Culture
• Kinship as an Organizing Principle
• Other Organizational Charts
• 11 ARCHIVES AND SECONDARY DATA
• Cultural Artifacts as Sources of Information
• Making Ethnographic Use of Archives
• Contemporary Cultural Artifacts
• Evaluating and Analyzing Cultural Artifacts
• Analytical Sources Versus Popular or Primary Sources
• PART 3: ANALYZING AND WRITING
• 12 SORTING AND CODING DATA
• Writing from Your Research Data
• Identifying Key Themes and Questions
• Identifying Important Research Moments and Experiences
• Coding and Sorting the Ethnographic Record
• Dealing with Apparent Contradictions: The Messiness of Ethnographic Data
• 13 ANSWERING QUESTIONS AND BUILDING MODELS
• Fitting the Pieces Together
• Moving from Data to Theory: The Inductive Process
• Remembering the Big Picture and the Big Questions
• Infusing Theory in Ethnography
• 14 CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE PRESENTATION STYLE
• Common Ethnographic Conventions
• The Importance of Ethnographic Detail
• Matching Style to Audience, Subject, and Analysis
• A Formal to Informal Continuum of Style
• 15 PUTTING THE WHOLE ETHNOGRAPHY TOGETHER
• The Hourglass Shape as a Model
• Alternative Models for Organizing an Ethnography
• Incorporating Relevant Literature
• Incorporating Maps, Charts, and Photographs
• Demonstrating the Project’s Relevance
• Evaluating and Revising Ethnography
• Sharing the Ethnography
• Incorporating Responses and Critiques
• GLOSSARY
• REFERENCES
• INDEX
• END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT