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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• PREFACE
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• Contents
• 1 Measurement
• 1-1 MEASURING THINGS, INCLUDING LENGTHS
• 1-2 TIME
• 1-3 MASS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• PROBLEMS
• 2 Motion Along a Straight Line
• 2-1 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT, AND AVERAGE VELOCITY
• 2-2 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED
• 2-3 ACCELERATION
• 2-4 CONSTANT ACCELERATION
• 2-5 FREE-FALL ACCELERATION
• 2-6 GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION IN MOTION ANALYSIS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 3 Vectors
• 3-1 VECTORS AND THEIR COMPONENTS
• 3-2 UNIT VECTORS, ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS
• 3-3 MULTIPLYING VECTORS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
• 4-1 POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT
• 4-2 AVERAGE VELOCITY AND INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
• 4-3 AVERAGE ACCELERATION AND INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
• 4-4 PROJECTILE MOTION
• 4-5 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
• 4-6 RELATIVE MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
• 4-7 RELATIVE MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 5 Force and Motion—I
• 5-1 NEWTON’S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS
• 5-2 SOME PARTICULAR FORCES
• 5-3 APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 6 Force and Motion—II
• 6-1 FRICTION
• 6-2 THE DRAG FORCE AND TERMINAL SPEED
• 6-3 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 7 Kinetic Energy and Work
• 7-1 KINETIC ENERGY
• 7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
• 7-3 WORK DONE BY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
• 7-4 WORK DONE BY A SPRING FORCE
• 7-5 WORK DONE BY A GENERAL VARIABLE FORCE
• 7-6 POWER
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy
• 8-1 POTENTIAL ENERGY
• 8-2 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
• 8-3 READING A POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVE
• 8-4 WORK DONE ON A SYSTEM BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE
• 8-5 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum
• 9-1 CENTER OF MASS
• 9-2 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
• 9-3 LINEAR MOMENTUM
• 9-4 COLLISION AND IMPULSE
• 9-5 CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
• 9-6 MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY IN COLLISIONS
• 9-7 ELASTIC COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION
• 9-8 COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
• 9-9 SYSTEMS WITH VARYING MASS: A ROCKET
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 10 Rotation
• 10-1 ROTATIONAL VARIABLES
• 10-2 ROTATION WITH CONSTANT ANGULAR ACCELERATION
• 10-3 RELATING THE LINEAR AND ANGULAR VARIABLES
• 10-4 KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION
• 10-5 CALCULATING THE ROTATIONAL INERTIA
• 10-6 TORQUE
• 10-7 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR ROTATION
• 10-8 WORK AND ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum
• 11-1 ROLLING AS TRANSLATION AND ROTATION COMBINED
• 11-2 FORCES AND KINETIC ENERGY OF ROLLING
• 11-3 THE YO-YO
• 11-4 TORQUE REVISITED
• 11-5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM
• 11-6 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW IN ANGULAR FORM
• 11-7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A RIGID BODY
• 11-8 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
• 11-9 PRECESSION OF A GYROSCOPE
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity
• 12-1 EQUILIBRIUM
• 12-2 SOME EXAMPLES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
• 12-3 ELASTICITY
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 13 Gravitation
• 13-1 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
• 13-2 GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
• 13-3 GRAVITATION NEAR EARTH’S SURFACE
• 13-4 GRAVITATION INSIDE EARTH
• 13-5 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
• 13-6 PLANETS AND SATELLITES: KEPLER’S LAWS
• 13-7 SATELLITES: ORBITS AND ENERGY
• 13-8 EINSTEIN AND GRAVITATION
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 14 Fluids
• 14-1 FLUIDS, DENSITY, AND PRESSURE
• 14-2 FLUIDS AT REST
• 14-3 MEASURING PRESSURE
• 14-4 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
• 14-5 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
• 14-6 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
• 14-7 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 15 Oscillations
• 15-1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
• 15-2 ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
• 15-3 AN ANGULAR SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR
• 15-4 PENDULUMS, CIRCULAR MOTION
• 15-5 DAMPED SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
• 15-6 FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 16 Waves—I
• 16-1 TRANSVERSE WAVES
• 16-2 WAVE SPEED ON A STRETCHED STRING
• 16-3 ENERGY AND POWER OF A WAVE TRAVELING ALONG A STRING
• 16-4 THE WAVE EQUATION
• 16-5 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
• 16-6 PHASORS
• 16-7 STANDING WAVES AND RESONANCE
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 17 Waves—II
• 17-1 SPEED OF SOUND
• 17-2 TRAVELING SOUND WAVES
• 17-3 INTERFERENCE
• 17-4 INTENSITY AND SOUND LEVEL
• 17-5 SOURCES OF MUSICAL SOUND
• 17-6 BEATS
• 17-7 THE DOPPLER EFFECT
• 17-8 SUPERSONIC SPEEDS, SHOCK WAVES
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
• 18-1 TEMPERATURE
• 18-2 THE CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT SCALES
• 18-3 THERMAL EXPANSION
• 18-4 ABSORPTION OF HEAT
• 18-5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• 18-6 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
• 19-1 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
• 19-2 IDEAL GASES
• 19-3 PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, AND RMS SPEED
• 19-4 TRANSLATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY
• 19-5 MEAN FREE PATH
• 19-6 THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS
• 19-7 THE MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS OF AN IDEAL GAS
• 19-8 DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS
• 19-9 THE ADIABATIC EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
• 20-1 ENTROPY
• 20-2 ENTROPY IN THE REAL WORLD: ENGINES
• 20-3 REFRIGERATORS AND REAL ENGINES
• 20-4 A STATISTICAL VIEW OF ENTROPY
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 21 Coulomb’s Law
• 21-1 COULOMB’S LAW
• 21-2 CHARGE IS QUANTIZED
• 21-3 CHARGE IS CONSERVED
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 22 Electric Fields
• 22-1 THE ELECTRIC FIELD
• 22-2 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE
• 22-3 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE
• 22-4 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A LINE OF CHARGE
• 22-5 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED DISK
• 22-6 A POINT CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
• 22-7 A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 23 Gauss’ Law
• 23-1 ELECTRIC FLUX
• 23-2 GAUSS’ LAW
• 23-3 A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
• 23-4 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: CYLINDRICAL SYMMETRY
• 23-5 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: PLANAR SYMMETRY
• 23-6 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: SPHERICAL SYMMETRY
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 24 Electric Potential
• 24-1 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
• 24-2 EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES AND THE ELECTRIC FIELD
• 24-3 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE
• 24-4 POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE
• 24-5 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
• 24-6 CALCULATING THE FIELD FROM THE POTENTIAL
• 24-7 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF CHARGED PARTICLES
• 24-8 POTENTIAL OF A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 25 Capacitance
• 25-1 CAPACITANCE
• 25-2 CALCULATING THE CAPACITANCE
• 25-3 CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL AND IN SERIES
• 25-4 ENERGY STORED IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
• 25-5 CAPACITOR WITH A DIELECTRIC
• 25-6 DIELECTRICS AND GAUSS’ LAW
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 26 Current and Resistance
• 26-1 ELECTRIC CURRENT
• 26-2 CURRENT DENSITY
• 26-3 RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY
• 26-4 OHM’S LAW
• 26-5 POWER, SEMICONDUCTORS, SUPERCONDUCTORS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 27 Circuits
• 27-1 SINGLE-LOOP CIRCUITS
• 27-2 MULTILOOP CIRCUITS
• 27-3 THE AMMETER AND THE VOLTMETER
• 27-4 RC CIRCUITS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 28 Magnetic Fields
• 28-1 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE DEFINITION OF B
• 28-2 CROSSED FIELDS: DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON
• 28-3 CROSSED FIELDS: THE HALL EFFECT
• 28-4 A CIRCULATING CHARGED PARTICLE
• 28-5 CYCLOTRONS AND SYNCHROTRONS
• 28-6 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE
• 28-7 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP
• 28-8 THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents
• 29-1 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT
• 29-2 FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS
• 29-3 AMPERE’S LAW
• 29-4 SOLENOIDS AND TOROIDS
• 29-5 A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL AS A MAGNETIC DIPOLE
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 30 Induction and Inductance
• 30-1 FARADAY’S LAW AND LENZ’S LAW
• 30-2 INDUCTION AND ENERGY TRANSFERS
• 30-3 INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS
• 30-4 INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE
• 30-5 SELF-INDUCTION
• 30-6 RL CIRCUITS
• 30-7 ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
• 30-8 ENERGY DENSITY OF A MAGNETIC FIELD
• 30-9 MUTUAL INDUCTION
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current
• 31-1 LC OSCILLATIONS
• 31-2 DAMPED OSCILLATIONS IN AN RLC CIRCUIT
• 31-3 FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF THREE SIMPLE CIRCUITS
• 31-4 THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
• 31-5 POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS
• 31-6 TRANSFORMERS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter
• 32-1 GAUSS’ LAW FOR MAGNETIC FIELDS
• 32-2 INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS
• 32-3 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
• 32-4 MAGNETS
• 32-5 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRONS
• 32-6 DIAMAGNETISM
• 32-7 PARAMAGNETISM
• 32-8 FERROMAGNETISM
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 33 Electromagnetic Waves
• 33-1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
• 33-2 ENERGY TRANSPORT AND THE POYNTING VECTOR
• 33-3 RADIATION PRESSURE
• 33-4 POLARIZATION
• 33-5 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
• 33-6 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
• 33-7 POLARIZATION BY REFLECTION
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 34 Images
• 34-1 IMAGES AND PLANE MIRRORS
• 34-2 SPHERICAL MIRRORS
• 34-3 SPHERICAL REFRACTING SURFACES
• 34-4 THIN LENSES
• 34-5 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
• 34-6 THREE PROOFS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 35 Interference
• 35-1 LIGHT AS A WAVE
• 35-2 YOUNG’S INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT
• 35-3 INTERFERENCE AND DOUBLE-SLIT INTENSITY
• 35-4 INTERFERENCE FROM THIN FILMS
• 35-5 MICHELSON’S INTERFEROMETER
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 36 Diffraction
• 36-1 SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION
• 36-2 INTENSITY IN SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION
• 36-3 DIFFRACTION BY A CIRCULAR APERTURE
• 36-4 DIFFRACTION BY A DOUBLE SLIT
• 36-5 DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
• 36-6 GRATINGS: DISPERSION AND RESOLVING POWER
• 36-7 X-RAY DIFFRACTION
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 37 Relativity
• 37-1 SIMULTANEITY AND TIME DILATION
• 37-2 THE RELATIVITY OF LENGTH
• 37-3 THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION
• 37-4 THE RELATIVITY OF VELOCITIES
• 37-5 DOPPLER EFFECT FOR LIGHT
• 37-6 MOMENTUM AND ENERGY
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 38 Photons and Matter Waves
• 38-1 THE PHOTON, THE QUANTUM OF LIGHT
• 38-2 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
• 38-3 PHOTONS, MOMENTUM, COMPTON SCATTERING, LIGHT INTERFERENCE
• 38-4 THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM PHYSICS
• 38-5 ELECTRONS AND MATTER WAVES
• 38-6 SCHRÖDINGER’S EQUATION
• 38-7 HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
• 38-8 REFLECTION FROM A POTENTIAL STEP
• 38-9 TUNNELING THROUGH A POTENTIAL BARRIER
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 39 More About Matter Waves
• 39-1 ENERGIES OF A TRAPPED ELECTRON
• 39-2 WAVE FUNCTIONS OF A TRAPPED ELECTRON
• 39-3 AN ELECTRON IN A FINITE WELL
• 39-4 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON TRAPS
• 39-5 THE HYDROGEN ATOM
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 40 All About Atoms
• 40-1 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS
• 40-2 THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT
• 40-3 MAGNETIC RESONANCE
• 40-4 EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE AND MULTIPLE ELECTRONS IN A TRAP
• 40-5 BUILDING THE PERIODIC TABLE
• 40-6 X RAYS AND THE ORDERING OF THE ELEMENTS
• 40-7 LASERS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids
• 41-1 THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
• 41-2 SEMICONDUCTORS AND DOPING
• 41-3 THE p-n JUNCTION AND THE TRANSISTOR
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 42 Nuclear Physics
• 42-1 DISCOVERING THE NUCLEUS
• 42-2 SOME NUCLEAR PROPERTIES
• 42-3 RADIOACTIVE DECAY
• 42-4 ALPHA DECAY
• 42-5 BETA DECAY
• 42-6 RADIOACTIVE DATING
• 42-7 MEASURING RADIATION DOSAGE
• 42-8 NUCLEAR MODELS
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 43 Energy from the Nucleus
• 43-1 NUCLEAR FISSION
• 43-2 THE NUCLEAR REACTOR
• 43-3 A NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR
• 43-4 THERMONUCLEAR FUSION: THE BASIC PROCESS
• 43-5 THERMONUCLEAR FUSION IN THE SUN AND OTHER STARS
• 43-6 CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• 44 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang
• 44-1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
• 44-2 LEPTONS, HADRONS, AND STRANGENESS
• 44-3 QUARKS AND MESSENGER PARTICLES
• 44-4 COSMOLOGY
• REVIEW & SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS
• PROBLEMS
• APPENDICES
• A: The International System of Units (SI)
• B: Some Fundamental Constants of Physics
• C: Some Astronomical Data
• D: Conversion Factors
• E: Mathematical Formulas
• F: Properties of The Elements
• G: Periodic Table of The Elements
• ANSWERS: To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems
• INDEX
• EULA