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• Contents
• Introduction
• Part 1: Rivalry, mistrust and accord
• Chapter 1: What was the Cold War?
• Communism versus Capitalism
• Increasing hostility
• Idealism versus self-interest
• What was the significance of Stalinism?
• Stalin’s role in World War Two
• The cost of World War Two
• Why did the USA and the USSR emerge as superpowers after 1945?
• Military reasons
• Economic reasons
• Political reasons
• Chapter 2: Breakdown of the Grand Alliance: Part 1
• The breakdown of the Grand Alliance
• Step 1: The wartime conferences
• The Tehran Conference, 1943
• The Yalta Conference, 1945
• What were the crucial developments that took place between the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences?
• The Potsdam Conference, 1945
• Key developments, 1946–1947
• Salami tactics
• Soviet pressure on Iran
• Instability in Greece and Turkey
• Communist parties in Italy and France
• Step 2: Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 1946
• Step 3: Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech, March 1946
• What was the basis for the Iron Curtain speech?
• Soviet reaction to Churchill’s speech
• Chapter 3: Breakdown of the Grand Alliance: Part 2
• Confrontation and containment
• Step 4: The Truman Doctrine
• Step 5: The Marshall Plan
• Dollar imperialism?
• Soviet reaction to the Marshall Plan
• The Soviet response
• Cominform and the ‘two camps’ doctrine
• Step 6: Red Army occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945–1947
• The ‘X article’
• Step 7: The Czechoslovakian Coup, February 1948
• Step 8: The Berlin Crisis of 1948
• Post-war Germany
• Why did the post-war powers fail to unify Germany?
• What were the results of the Berlin Blockade?
• What conclusions can be drawn about Europe’s situation at the end of 1949?
• What did this situation mean for international relations beyond Europe?
• Chapter 4: How can we explain the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
• What was the role of ideology in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
• What was the role of Great Power rivalry in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
• What was the role of economic interests in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
• How far did the actions of the USA and USSR cause the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
• Was the USSR responsible for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
• Was the USA responsible for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
• What was the role of fear and suspicion in causing the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
• Fear on the part of the USA
• Fear on the part of the USSR
• How have historians interpreted the origins of the Cold War?
• The Orthodox view
• The Revisionist view
• Post-revisionist view
• Views of the post-Cold War historians
• European and Soviet perspectives
• What was the role of the Europeans in the development of the Cold War?
• What is the Soviet perspective?
• Chapter 5: The Cold War goes global: The Korean War
• US Foreign Policy, 1949–1950
• The USSR gets the bomb
• China falls to the Communists
• The Red Scare: McCarthyism and the anti-Communist crusade in America
• NSC-68: ‘Total Commitment’
• North Korea invades South Korea, 1950
• Why did North Korea attack South Korea in 1950?
• Background to the conflict
• Why did the superpowers get involved?
• What was the role of Kim Il Sung in starting the war?
• What was the role of Stalin in starting the war?
• What was the role of Mao Zedong in the outbreak of the war?
• The course of the war
• Results of the Korean War
• Actions of the United States
• What did the Korean War and the subsequent actions of the USA mean for other countries?
• The effects of the Korean War on the Cold War
• Chapter 6: The USA and containment in Asia
• Case Study 1: Korea
• Case Study 2: Japan
• Was containment a success in Japan?
• Case Study 3: Taiwan
• Was containment a success in Taiwan?
• Case Study 4: An In-Depth Study of the USA and Containment in Vietnam
• How did the United States become involved?
• How did President Kennedy widen the conflict?
• The Great Society and the ‘credibility gap’
• The Tet Offensive
• Did President Nixon achieve ‘peace with honour’?
• The Paris peace talks
• Was Vietnam a failure for the American policy of containment? Historians’ views
• Conclusions on the US policy of containment in Asia
• Chapter 7: Peaceful co-existence: New leaders, new ideas?
• Eisenhower and Dulles in the United States: roll-back, brinkmanship, and the New Look
• Khrushchev and co-existence
• What other factors encouraged a change in international relations?
• East–West relations in the 1950s: the reality
• Was the Geneva Summit a failure?
• Why did East–West tension increase again after 1955?
• The technology race
• The missile gap
• How did events of 1958–1960 affect East–West relations?
• The U-2 incident
• Chapter 8: Case study in crisis: Berlin 1958–1961
• The two Germanys
• Economic differences between West Germany and East Germany
• Political differences between West Germany and East Germany
• Why did the Berlin Crisis develop?
• Khrushchev and the crisis of 1958
• Kennedy and flexible response
• Khrushchev, Ulbricht, and the crisis of 1960–1961
• The Berlin Wall
• What did the building of the wall mean
• … for Khrushchev?
• … for Ulbricht?
• … for the citizens of Berlin?
• … for the Cold War?
• The symbolism of the wall
• Chapter 9: Case study in crisis: The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Background to and causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Why was the United States opposed to Castro’s revolution?
• Castro takes power
• How did the United States deal with the ‘threat’ of Castro?
• Why was the Bay of Pigs invasion a failure?
• What were the results of the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion?
• The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Why did Khrushchev put missiles in Cuba?
• Why was the presence of missiles so intolerable to the United States?
• How was the Cuba crisis linked to the Berlin Crisis?
• How was the crisis resolved?
• How effective was Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
• The Orthodox view
• The Revisionist view
• New interpretations
• What conclusions can be reached about Khrushchev’s actions?
• What was Castro’s role in the crisis?
• The impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• What were the results of the crisis
• Chapter 10: Sino-Soviet relations
• China becomes a Communist nation
• Background
• Civil war in China
• Stalin and Mao, 1945–1953
• The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance
• The USSR, the PRC, and the Korean War,1950–1953
• Sino-Soviet Relations after Stalin, 1953–1956
• Mao, Khrushchev, and ‘the split’, 1956–1964
• Conference of Communist Parties, 1957
• Khrushchev’s visit to Beijing, 1958
• Taiwan, 1958
• Sino-Soviet relations and the ‘Great Leap Forward’
• What was the Great Leap Forward?
• Failure and starvation
• Soviets denounce the GLF
• Albania
• The Sino-Indian War, 1962
• The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
• Sino-Soviet relations and the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976
• China, the USSR, and nuclear weapons
• The PRC and Leonid Brezhnev, 1968–1982
• The invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968
• Sino-Soviet border war, 1969
• The PRC, the USSR, and Indochina
• The Vietnam War
• Sino-Soviet clashes over Cambodia and Vietnam
• Sino-Soviet rapprochement, 1982–2000
• Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping
• Tiananmen Square, 1989
• The fall of the Soviet Union
• Chapter 11: Sino-American relations
• Background
• The 1950s – increasing tension
• Tibet, 1950
• The Korean War, 1950–1953
• The impact of the Korean War on Sino-American relations
• Taiwan, 1954 and 1958
• The Sino-American Cold War in the 1960s
• The United States, the PRC, and Taiwan
• The United States, Vietnam, and the People’s Republic of China
• The PRC and decolonization
• The USA and the PRC’s Cultural Revolution
• Sino-American détente in the 1970s
• Why did the USA want détente with the PRC?
• Why did China want détente with the USA?
• What did China gain from détente with the United States?
• What did the US gain from détente with the PRC?
• The PRC and the Cold War
• Tiananmen Square, the PRC, and the United States, 1989
• The United States, the PRC, and the end of the Cold War
• Chapter 12: Why did détente end in a second Cold War?
• What were the reasons for PRC–USA rapprochement?
• What were the reasons for improved East–West relations in Europe?
• What were the successes of détente?
• Arms agreements between the USA and the USSR: SALT I
• SALT II
• Agreements between the two Germanys and the Soviet Union
• Agreements between the United States and China
• The ‘high point of détente’: the Helsinki Agreement
• Why did détente between the USA and the USSR come under pressure?
• Political factors that undermined détente
• Economic factors that undermined détente
• Why did détente collapse?
• Did détente fail? The historiography of détente
• The Second Cold War
• Chapter 13: Soviet containment 1945–1980
• Challenges to Soviet control in Eastern Europe
• The challenge of Yugoslavia
• Why was Tito able to survive?
• What was Stalin’s reaction to Tito?
• Challenge in East Germany, 1953
• Challenges to Soviet control under Khrushchev
• Khrushchev and de-Stalinization
• Khrushchev and Tito
• Khrushchev and Poland
• The challenge from Poland in the 1980s
• To what extent were Soviet leaders following Stalin’s structural legacy?
• What was the American response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
• Afghanistan and its impact on détente
• Chapter 14: Confrontation: The impact of the arms race on the Cold War
• How did the nuclear arms race develop during the Cold War?
• Why was the arms race so intense during the Cold War?
• What strategies were developed for using nuclear weapons?
• Eisenhower and massive retaliation
• McNamara and ‘counterforce’
• The impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis: mutually assured destruction (MAD)
• The impact of Reagan and Gorbachev
• The role of conventional weapons
• The space race
• Chapter 15: Confrontation and reconciliation: The end of the Cold War
• What was the impact of Mikhail Gorbachev?
• What was the role of Ronald Reagan?
• Long-term factors in the ending of the Cold War
• What was the role of the Soviet economy?
• The impact of Gorbachev’s reforms
• The events of 1989
• Events in Poland
• Events in East Germany
• Events in Hungary
• Events in Czechoslovakia
• Events in Romania
• The end of the USSR
• What was the impact of the collapse of the USSR and the end of the Cold War?
• Chapter 16: The impact of Cold War tensions on the United Nations
• The United Nations system
• The main principles of the United Nations
• Three key principles of the UN Charter
• The American perspective and expectations
• The Soviet perspective and expectations
• The impact of the emergence of Cold War tension on the UN
• The UN and the global Cold War: the 1950s
• The impact of Cold War tensions on the UN’s first decade
• The UN and the Cold War: the 1960s
• The UN and détente, 1968–1979
• The UN and the Second Cold War
• The UN and the end of the Cold War
• The UN and the Cold War: Conclusion
• Part 2: Leaders and nations
• Chapter 17: The impact of leaders on the development of the Cold War
• The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold War: Truman and Stalin
• The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold War: Khrushchev and Mao
• The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold War: Brezhnev, Brandt, and Nixon
• The impact of leaders on the course and development of the Cold war: Reagan and Gorbachev
• Chapter 18: The impact of Cold War tensions on nations
• The impact of Cold War tensions on individual states: Cuba
• Impact of Cold War tensions on the nature and direction of Cuba’s revolution
• The impact of the Cold War on Cuba’s economy
• The impact of the Cold war on the nature of Castro’s government
• Impact of Cold War tensions on Cuban Foreign Policy
• Impact of Cold War tensions on the direction of Nasser’s domestic policy
• The impact of the Cold War on Egypt’s economic policy
• Impact of Cold War tensions on Egyptian Foreign Policy
• The impact of Cold War tension on Germany
• The impact of the Cold War on the division of Germany, 1945–1949
• The impact of the Cold War on the constitution of the FRG
• The impact of the Cold War on the economy of the FRG
• The impact of the Cold War on West German politics up to 1969
• The impact of the Cold War on West Germany’s foreign policy
• The impact of Cold War tension on China
• Part 3: Cold War crises
• Chapter 19: Comparative studies of key Cold War crises
• What makes an event in the Cold War a ‘crisis’?
• Case Study comparison: Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949 and the North Korean invasion of 1950
• Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949
• The invasion of South Korea by North Korea, 1950
• Case Study comparison: the Suez Crisis, 1956 and the invasion of South Korea by North Korea, 1950
• Case Study comparison: the Berlin Crisis,1958–1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
• The Berlin Crisis
• The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
• Case Study comparison: Hungary, 1956 and Afghanistan, 1989
• What were the causes, impact, and signifi cance of the Hungarian Uprising of 1956?
• What were the causes, impact, and significance of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1989?
• Theory of Knowledge
• Introduction
• Ways of knowing
• Areas of knowledge
• Historical development
• Personal and shared knowledge
• Conclusion
• Appendices
• Appendix I
• Basic timeline
• Appendix II
• China’s relations with the USA and the USSR
• Appendix III
• US presidential policies during the Cold War
• Further reading
• Books
• Websites
• Glossary
• Index
• Back Cover