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• Preface
• Remembering Shane J. Lopez
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Part I Looking At Psychology From a Positive Perspective
• Chapter 1 Welcome to Positive Psychology
• Going From the Negative to the Positive
• A Positive News Story
• Reactions to This Positive Story
• Positive Psychology Seeks a Balanced, More Complete View of Human Functioning
• Views of Reality That Include Both the Positive and the Negative
• Where We are Now and What We Will Ask
• A Guide to This Book
• Personal Mini-Experiments
• Life Enhancement Strategies
• The Big Picture
• Key Terms
• Chapter 2 Eastern and Western Perspectives on Positive Psychology: How “ME + WE = US” Might Bridge the Gap
• A Matter of Perspective
• Historical and Philosophical Traditions
• Western Influences: Athenian, Judeo-Christian, Islamic, and Anishinaabe Traditions
• Athenian Views
• Judeo-Christianity
• Islam
• Anishinaabe Teachings
• Eastern Influences: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism
• Confucianism
• Taoism
• Buddhism
• Hinduism
• Summary of Eastern and Western Philosophies
• East Meets West
• Individualism: the Psychology of Me
• Core Emphases in Individualism
• Collectivism: The Psychology of We
• Core Emphases in Collectivism
• Factors Impacting How Strengths Manifest in Me vs We Cultures
• The Stories We Tell: Value Systems
• Orientation to Time
• Thought Processes
• East and West: Is One Best?
• Exemplar Constructs in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures
• “The Rugged Individualist” and the Construct of Hope
• The Need for Uniqueness
• Encoding and Emotional/Behavioral Reactions to Similarity Information
• Eastern Values: Compassion and Harmony
• Me/We Balance: the Positive Psychology of Us
• Both the Individualistic and the Collectivistic Perspectives Are Viable
• Suggestions for ME People (Individualists)
• Suggestions for WE People (Collectivists)
• Final Thoughts
• Where We are Going: From Me to We to Us
• Appendix: The Need For Uniqueness Scale
• Key Terms
• Chapter 3 Classification and Measurement in Positive Psychology
• Gallup’s Clifton Strengths Finder
• Psychometric Properties of the CSF 2.0
• Youth Strengths Explorer
• The Via Classification of Strengths
• Psychometric Properties of the VIA-IS, VIA-R, and VIA-Y
• Issues of Cultural Equivalence
• Cultural Differences and Test Bias
• Identifying Your Personal Strengths
• The Case of Shane
• Measurement in Positive Psychology: a Guide
• Deciding on a Measure
• Putting It All Into Practice
• Key Terms
• Note
• Part II Positive Psychology in Context
• Chapter 4 The Role of Culture in Developing Strengths and Living Well
• Culture and Psychology
• Historical Treatment of Strengths and Culture
• Positive Psychology: Culture is Everywhere
• Can Science Be Culture Free?
• Culturally Embedded Positive Psychology Research and Practice
• Putting Positive Psychology in a Cultural Context
• Examining the Equivalence of the “Positives” to Determine What Works
• Cultural Wealth and Culturally Relevant Strengths
• Determining the Foundations of “the Good Life”
• Final Thoughts on the Complexity of Cultural Influences
• Key Terms
• Chapter 5 Living Well at Every Stage of Life
• Resilience at Every age
• The Roots of Resilience Research
• Studying Resilience Throughout the Life Span
• Limitations of Resilience Research: Cultural Considerations
• Fostering Positive Youth Development
• What Is Positive Youth Development?
• Positive Youth Development in a Cultural Context
• Positive Youth Development Programs
• The Life Tasks of Adulthood
• Successful Aging
• Toward a More Developmental Focus in Positive Psychology
• Key Terms
• Part III Positive Emotional States and Processes
• Chapter 6 The Principles of Pleasure: Understanding Positive Affect, Positive Emotions, Happiness, and Well-Being
• Defining Emotional Terms
• Affect
• Emotion
• Happiness
• Subjective Well-Being
• Distinguishing the Positive and the Negative
• Positive Emotions: Expanding the Repertoire of Pleasure
• The Seminal Work of Dr. Alice Isen
• The Broaden and Build Model
• Happiness and Subjective Well-Being: Living A Pleasurable Life
• Scientific Theories of Happiness
• Subjective Well-Being From Hedonic and Eudaimonic Perspectives
• Determinants of Subjective Well-Being
• Cultural Differences in Happiness
• Complete Mental Health: Emotional, Social, and Psychological Well-Being
• Increasing Happiness in Your Life
• Moving Toward the Positive
• Key Terms
• Chapter 7 Making the Most of Emotional Experiences: Emotional Approach Coping, Emotional Intelligence, Socioemotional Selectivity, and Emotional Storytelling
• Emotion-Focused Coping: Discovering the Adaptive Potential of Emotional Approach
• Mediating and Moderating Factors
• Cultural Factors
• Neurological Factors
• Emotional Intelligence: Learning the Skills that Make A Difference
• The Ability Model of EI
• Mixed Models of EI
• Culture and EI
• Biological Bases of EI
• Training for EI
• Socioemotional Selectivity: Focusing in Later Life on Positive Emotions and Emotion-Related Goals
• Cultural and Biological Perspectives of SST
• Emotional Storytelling: The Pennebaker Paradigm as A Means of Processing Intense Negative Emotions
• Emotional Storytelling Through Writing: The Pennebaker Paradigm
• Theories of Expressive Writing
• Expressive Writing: Cultural Factors
• Expressive Writing: Biological Factors
• Working with Emotions to Bring about Positive Change
• Key Terms
• Part IV States and Processes
• Chapter 8 Seeing Our Futures Through Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and Hope
• Fascination with the Future
• Self-Efficacy
• I Think I Can, I Think I Can . . .
• A Definition
• Childhood Antecedents: Where Does Self-Efficacy Come From?
• Measurement of Self-Efficacy
• Self-Efficacy’s Influence in Life Arenas
• Psychological Adjustment
• Physical Health
• Psychotherapy
• Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
• The Neurobiology of Self-Efficacy
• Collective Efficacy
• Optimism
• Learned Optimism—Seligman and Colleagues
• The Historical Basis of Learned Optimism
• A Definition of Learned Optimism
• Childhood Antecedents of Learned Optimism
• Scales: Can Learned Optimism Be Measured?
• What Learned Optimism Predicts
• Dispositional Optimism—Scheier and Carver
• Defining Optimism as Expectancies of Reaching a Desired Goal
• Scales: Can Optimism Be Measured?
• What Optimism Predicts
• Optimism and Culture
• Optimism and Race and Gender
• Optimism and Biology
• Hope
• A Definition
• Hope Theory
• Childhood Antecedents of Hope
• Scales: Can Hope Be Measured?
• What Hope Predicts
• The Neurobiology of Hope
• Hope and Cultural Context
• Appendix A: A Summary of Hope Theories
• Averill
• Breznitz
• Erikson
• Gottschalk
• Marcel
• Mowrer
• Staats
• Stotland
• Key Terms
• Note
• Chapter 9 Wisdom and Courage: Characteristics of the Wise and the Brave
• Wisdom and Courage: Two of A Kind
• Theories of Wisdom
• Implicit Theories of Wisdom
• Explicit Theories of Wisdom
• Becoming and Being Wise
• Developing Wisdom and Wise Characteristics
• The Measurement of Wisdom
• Benefits of Wisdom
• The Neurobiology of Wisdom
• Future Study of Wisdom
• Theories of Courage
• Implicit Theories of Courage
• Becoming and Being Courageous
• Courage Research
• The Measurement of Courage
• Neurological Factors in Courage
• Benefits of Courage
• Courage and Culture
• Finding Wisdom and Courage in Daily Life
• The Value of Wisdom and Courage
• Key Terms
• Chapter 10 Mindfulness, Flow, and Spirituality: In Search of Optimal Experiences
• Mindfulness: In Search of Novelty and Embracing Uncertainty
• Mindfulness as a State of Mind
• Mindfulness as a Skill
• Benefits of Mindfulness
• Mindfulness and Cultural Factors
• Neurological Findings and Mindfulness
• Cultivating Mindfulness
• Flow: In Search of Absorption
• The Flow State
• The Autotelic Personality
• Cultural Comparisons and Considerations in the Flow Experience
• Neurological Research on Flow
• Fostering Flow and Its Benefits
• Newer Areas of Investigation Involving Flow: Gaming and Internet Use
• Spirituality: In Search of the Sacred
• The True Benefits of Spirituality?
• Spirituality and Cultural Context
• The Neural Circuitry of Spirituality
• The Search Continues
• Key Terms
• Part V Prosocial Behavior
• Chapter 11 Empathy and Egotism: Portals to Altruism and Gratitude
• Altruism
• Defining Altruism
• The Egotism Motive
• The Empathy Motive and the Empathy–Altruism Hypothesis
• Genetic and Neural Foundations Related to Altruism Empathy
• Correlates of Altruism
• Cultural Variations in Altruism
• Cultivating Altruism
• Egotism-Based Approaches to Enhancing Altruistic Actions
• Empathy-Based Approaches to Enhancing Altruistic Actions
• Values-Based Approaches to Enhancing Altruistic Actions
• Measuring Altruism
• Future Directions
• Gratitude
• Defining Gratitude
• The Psychophysiological Underpinnings of Gratitude
• Correlates of Gratitude
• Cultural Variations in Gratitude
• Cultivating Gratitude
• Measuring Gratitude
• The Societal Implications of Altruism and Gratitude
• Empathy/Egotism, Altruism, and Gratitude
• “I Have A Dream”: Toward A Kinder, Gentler Humankind
• Appendix A: The Helping Attitude Scale
• Appendix B: The Gratitude Questionnaire—Six Items from GQ-6
• Key Terms
• Chapter 12 Attachment, Love, Flourishing Relationships, and Forgiveness
• Infant and Childhood Attachment
• Attachment and The “Strange Situation”
• Adult Attachment
• Journey Toward a Secure Attachment: A Case Example
• Attachment Theory and Cultural Considerations
• Love
• Passionate and Companionate Aspects of Romantic Love
• Love Prototypes
• Triangular Theory of Love
• Self-Expansion Theory of Love
• Love Styles
• Love and Cultural Context
• Flourishing Relationships: A Series of Purposeful Positive Relationship Behaviors
• Building a Mindful Relationship Connection
• Creating a Culture of Appreciation
• The Neurobiology of Close Relationships
• Attachment and the Developing Brain
• Neural Mechanisms of Love
• Positive Psychology as Acceptance
• Forgiveness
• Defining Forgiveness
• McCullough and Colleagues
• Enright and Colleagues
• Tangney and Colleagues
• Self-Report Measures of Forgiveness
• Correlates of Forgiveness
• Newer Areas of Forgiveness Research
• Cultivating Forgiveness
• Forgiving Another Person
• Forgiveness of a Situation
• Individual and Cultural Variations in Forgiveness
• The Evolutionary and Neurobiological Bases of Forgiveness
• Attachment, Love, and Forgiveness: Building A Positive Psychology of Close Relationships
• Appendix: The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS)
• Key Terms
• Part VI Understanding and Changing Human Behavior
• Chapter 13 Preventing the Bad and Promoting the Good
• Primary Prevention: “Stop the Bad Before it Happens”
• Is Primary Prevention Effective?
• Components of Effective Primary Preventions
• Secondary Prevention (Psychotherapy): “Fix the Problem”
• Is Secondary Prevention Effective?
• Hope as a Core Component of Psychotherapy
• Secondary Prevention Psychotherapy for Racial and Ethnic Minorities
• Primary Enhancement: “Make Life Good”
• Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health Through Relationships, Employment, and Leisure
• Primary Enhancement Through Flow, Mindfulness, Savoring, and Enhancing Positive Emotions
• Primary Enhancement: Physical Health & Health Promotion
• A Caveat About Primary Enhancement
• Secondary Enhancement: “Make Life the Best Possible”
• Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health
• Secondary Enhancement: Physical Health
• The Balance of Prevention and Enhancement Systems
• Appendix: Hope Therapy Worksheet
• Key Terms
• Part VII Positive Environments
• Chapter 14 Positive Schooling and Good Work: The Psychology of Gainful Employment and the Education That Gets Us There
• Positive Schooling
• The Components of Positive Schooling
• Care, Trust, and Respect for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
• Goals
• Plans and Motivation
• Hope
• Societal Contributions
• Teaching as A Calling
• Giving Back to Teachers
• Current Threats to Education
• Gainful Employment
• Gainful Employment: Happiness, Satisfaction, and Beyond
• Performing Well and Meeting Goals
• Deriving Purpose by Providing a Product or Service
• Engagement and Involvement
• Variety in Job Duties
• Income for Family and Self
• Companionship and Loyalty to Coworkers and Bosses: Friends at Work
• Safe Work Environments
• Respect and Appreciation for Diversity in the Workplace
• A Positive Workplace Example
• A Final Note on Working Qualities and the COVID Pandemic
• The Strengths-Based Approach to Work
• What Can be Done to Improve Your Work?
• Making the Job Better
• Applying for a New Job
• The Psychology of Gainful Employment and the Education that Gets us There
• Appendix: Positive Workplaces in Hong Kong: Building Positive Organizations, Engaging the Heart of Employees
• Building Positive Organizations, Engaging the Heart of Employees—Insights Gained From the Survey on Positive Organizational Index
• Hong Kong’s First Positive Organizational Index
• What Is a Positive Organization?
• About the Writer
• Key Terms
• Part VIII Finding Strengths in Others
• Chapter 15 The Future of Positive Psychology for the Public Good: A Dialogue Between the Authors
• Basic Tenets of Positive Psychology
• “Strengths Are All Around You”
• “Strengths Are Also Within You”
• “Strengths Can Be Shared and Borrowed”
• Current Issues for Examination
• Political Division in the United States
• The Role of Positive Psychology
• Racial and Gender-Based Inequities
• The Role of Positive Psychology
• Climate Change
• The Role of Positive Psychology
• Concluding Thoughts
• Appendix
• References
• Glossary
• Index