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• Python in a Nutshell
• Preface
• How This Book Is Organized
• Part I, Getting Started with Python
• Part II, Core Python Language and Built-ins
• Part III, Python Library and Extension Modules
• Part IV, Network and Web Programming
• Part V, Extending and Embedding
• Conventions Used in This Book
• Reference Conventions
• Typographic Conventions
• Using Code Examples
• How to Contact Us
• Safari® Enabled
• Acknowledgments
• I. Getting Started with Python
• 1. Introduction to Python
• The Python Language
• The Python Standard Library and Extension Modules
• Python Implementations
• CPython
• Jython
• IronPython
• Choosing Between CPython, Jython, and IronPython
• PyPy and Other Experimental Versions
• Licensing and Price Issues
• Python Development and Versions
• Python Resources
• Documentation
• Newsgroups and Mailing Lists
• Special-Interest Groups
• Python Business Forum
• Python Journal
• Extension Modules and Python Sources
• The Python Cookbook
• Books and Magazines
• 2. Installation
• Installing Python from Source Code
• Windows
• Uncompressing and unpacking the Python source code
• Building the Python source code with Microsoft Visual Studio 2003
• Building Python for debugging
• Installing after the build
• Building Python for Cygwin
• Unix-Like Platforms
• Uncompressing and unpacking the Python source code
• Configuring, building, and testing
• Installing after the build
• Installing Python from Binaries
• Apple Macintosh
• Installing Jython
• Installing IronPython
• 3. The Python Interpreter
• The python Program
• Environment Variables
• Command-Line Syntax and Options
• Interactive Sessions
• Python Development Environments
• IDLE
• Other Free Cross-Platform Python IDEs
• Platform-Specific Free Python IDEs
• Commercial Python IDEs
• Free Text Editors with Python Support
• Tools for Checking Python Programs
• Running Python Programs
• The jython Interpreter
• The IronPython Interpreter
• II. Core Python Language and Built-ins
• 4. The Python Language
• Lexical Structure
• Lines and Indentation
• Character Sets
• Tokens
• Identifiers
• Keywords
• Operators
• Delimiters
• Literals
• Statements
• Simple statements
• Compound statements
• Data Types
• Numbers
• Integer numbers
• Floating-point numbers
• Complex numbers
• Sequences
• Iterables
• Strings
• Tuples
• Lists
• Sets
• Dictionaries
• None
• Callables
• Boolean Values
• Variables and Other References
• Variables
• Object attributes and items
• Accessing nonexistent references
• Assignment Statements
• Plain assignment
• Augmented assignment
• del Statements
• Expressions and Operators
• Comparison Chaining
• Short-Circuiting Operators
• The Python 2.5 ternary operator
• Numeric Operations
• Numeric Conversions
• Arithmetic Operations
• Division
• Exponentiation
• Comparisons
• Bitwise Operations on Integers
• Sequence Operations
• Sequences in General
• Sequence conversions
• Concatenation and repetition
• Membership testing
• Indexing a sequence
• Slicing a sequence
• Strings
• Tuples
• Lists
• Modifying a list
• In-place operations on a list
• List methods
• Sorting a list
• Set Operations
• Set Membership
• Set Methods
• Dictionary Operations
• Dictionary Membership
• Indexing a Dictionary
• Dictionary Methods
• The print Statement
• Control Flow Statements
• The if Statement
• The while Statement
• The for Statement
• Iterators
• range and xrange
• List comprehensions
• The break Statement
• The continue Statement
• The else Clause on Loop Statements
• The pass Statement
• The try and raise Statements
• The with Statement
• Functions
• The def Statement
• Parameters
• Attributes of Function Objects
• Docstrings
• Other attributes of function objects
• The return Statement
• Calling Functions
• The semantics of argument passing
• Kinds of arguments
• Namespaces
• The global statement
• Nested functions and nested scopes
• lambda Expressions
• Generators
• Generator expressions
• Generators in Python 2.5
• Recursion
• 5. Object-Oriented Python
• Classes and Instances
• Python Classes
• The class Statement
• The Class Body
• Attributes of class objects
• Function definitions in a class body
• Class-private variables
• Class documentation strings
• Descriptors
• Overriding and nonoverriding descriptors
• Instances
• _ _init_ _
• Attributes of instance objects
• The factory-function idiom
• _ _new_ _
• Attribute Reference Basics
• Getting an attribute from a class
• Getting an attribute from an instance
• Setting an attribute
• Bound and Unbound Methods
• Unbound method details
• Bound method details
• Inheritance
• Method resolution order
• Overriding attributes
• Delegating to superclass methods
• Cooperative superclass method calling
• “Deleting” class attributes
• The Built-in object Type
• Class-Level Methods
• Static methods
• Class methods
• Properties
• Why properties are important
• Properties and inheritance
• _ _slots_ _
• _ _getattribute_ _
• Per-Instance Methods
• Inheritance from Built-in Types
• Special Methods
• General-Purpose Special Methods
• Special Methods for Containers
• Sequences
• Mappings
• Sets
• Container slicing
• Container methods
• Special Methods for Numeric Objects
• Decorators
• Metaclasses
• How Python Determines a Class’s Metaclass
• How a Metaclass Creates a Class
• Defining and using your own metaclasses
• A substantial custom metaclass example
• 6. Exceptions
• The try Statement
• try/except
• try/finally
• Python 2.5 Exception-Related Enhancements
• The try/except/finally statement
• The with statement
• Generator enhancements
• Exception Propagation
• The raise Statement
• Exception Objects
• The Hierarchy of Standard Exceptions
• Standard Exception Classes
• Custom Exception Classes
• Custom Exceptions and Multiple Inheritance
• Other Exceptions Used in the Standard Library
• Error-Checking Strategies
• LBYL Versus EAFP
• Proper usage of EAFP
• Handling Errors in Large Programs
• Logging Errors
• The logging module
• The assert Statement
• The _ _debug_ _ built-in variable
• 7. Modules
• Module Objects
• The import Statement
• Module body
• Attributes of module objects
• Python built-ins
• Module documentation strings
• Module-private variables
• The from Statement
• The from … import * statement
• from versus import
• Module Loading
• Built-in Modules
• Searching the Filesystem for a Module
• The Main Program
• The reload Function
• Circular Imports
• sys.modules Entries
• Custom Importers
• Rebinding _ _import_ _
• Import hooks
• Packages
• Special attributes of package objects
• Absolute Versus Relative Imports
• The Distribution Utilities (distutils)
• Python Eggs
• 8. Core Built-ins
• Built-in Types
• Built-in Functions
• The sys Module
• The copy Module
• The collections Module
• deque
• defaultdict
• The functional Module
• The bisect Module
• The heapq Module
• The UserDict Module
• The optparse Module
• The itertools Module
• 9. Strings and Regular Expressions
• Methods of String Objects
• The string Module
• Locale Sensitivity
• The maketrans Function
• String Formatting
• Format Specifier Syntax
• Common String-Formatting Idioms
• Template Strings
• Text Wrapping and Filling
• The pprint Module
• The repr Module
• Unicode
• The codecs Module
• The unicodedata Module
• Regular Expressions and the re Module
• Pattern-String Syntax
• Common Regular Expression Idioms
• Sets of Characters
• Alternatives
• Groups
• Optional Flags
• Match Versus Search
• Anchoring at String Start and End
• Regular Expression Objects
• Match Objects
• Functions of Module re
• III. Python Library and Extension Modules
• 10. File and Text Operations
• Other Chapters That Also Deal with Files
• Organization of This Chapter
• File Objects
• Creating a File Object with open
• File mode
• Binary and text modes
• Buffering
• Sequential and nonsequential access
• Attributes and Methods of File Objects
• Iteration on File Objects
• File-Like Objects and Polymorphism
• The tempfile Module
• Auxiliary Modules for File I/O
• The fileinput Module
• The linecache Module
• The struct Module
• The StringIO and cStringIO Modules
• Compressed Files
• The gzip Module
• The bz2 Module
• The tarfile Module
• The zipfile Module
• The zlib Module
• The os Module
• OSError Exceptions
• The errno Module
• Filesystem Operations
• Path-String Attributes of the os Module
• Permissions
• File and Directory Functions of the os Module
• The os.path Module
• The stat Module
• The filecmp Module
• The shutil Module
• File Descriptor Operations
• Text Input and Output
• Standard Output and Standard Error
• The print Statement
• Standard Input
• The getpass Module
• Richer-Text I/O
• The readline Module
• Console I/O
• The curses package
• The msvcrt Module
• The WConio and Console modules
• Interactive Command Sessions
• Initializing a Cmd Instance
• Methods of Cmd Instances
• Attributes of Cmd Instances
• A Cmd Example
• Internationalization
• The locale Module
• The gettext Module
• Using gettext for localization
• Essential gettext functions
• More Internationalization Resources
• 11. Persistence and Databases
• Serialization
• The marshal Module
• A marshaling example
• The pickle and cPickle Modules
• Functions of pickle and cPickle
• A pickling example
• Pickling instances
• Pickling customization with the copy_reg module
• The shelve Module
• A shelving example
• DBM Modules
• The anydbm Module
• The dumbdbm Module
• The dbm, gdbm, and dbhash Modules
• The whichdb Module
• Examples of DBM-Like File Use
• Berkeley DB Interfacing
• Simplified and Complete BSD DB Python Interfaces
• Module bsddb
• Examples of Berkeley DB Use
• The Python Database API (DBAPI) 2.0
• Exception Classes
• Thread Safety
• Parameter Style
• Factory Functions
• Type Description Attributes
• The connect Function
• Connection Objects
• Cursor Objects
• DBAPI-Compliant Modules
• Gadfly
• SQLite
• 12. Time Operations
• The time Module
• The datetime Module
• Class date
• Class time
• Class datetime
• Class timedelta
• The pytz Module
• The dateutil Module
• The sched Module
• The calendar Module
• The mx.DateTime Module
• Date and Time Types
• The DateTime Type
• Factory functions for DateTime
• Methods of DateTime instances
• Attributes of DateTime instances
• Arithmetic on DateTime instances
• The DateTimeDelta Type
• Factory functions for DateTimeDelta
• Methods of DateTimeDelta instances
• Attributes of DateTimeDelta instances
• Arithmetic on DateTimeDelta instances
• Other Attributes
• Submodules
• 13. Controlling Execution
• Dynamic Execution and the exec Statement
• Avoiding exec
• Expressions
• Compile and Code Objects
• Never exec nor eval Untrusted Code
• Internal Types
• Type Objects
• The Code Object Type
• The frame Type
• Garbage Collection
• The gc Module
• The weakref Module
• Termination Functions
• Site and User Customization
• The site and sitecustomize Modules
• User Customization
• 14. Threads and Processes
• Threads in Python
• The thread Module
• The Queue Module
• Methods of Queue Instances
• Customizing Class Queue by Subclassing
• The threading Module
• Thread Objects
• Thread Synchronization Objects
• Timeout parameters
• Lock and RLock objects
• Condition objects
• Event objects
• Semaphore objects
• Thread Local Storage
• Threaded Program Architecture
• Process Environment
• Running Other Programs
• Running Other Programs with the os Module
• The Subprocess Module
• What to run, and how: args, executable, shell
• Subprocess files: stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize, universal_newlines, close_fds
• Other arguments: preexec_fn, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags
• Attributes of subprocess.Popen instances
• Methods of subprocess.Popen instances
• The mmap Module
• Methods of mmap Objects
• Using mmap Objects for IPC
• 15. Numeric Processing
• The math and cmath Modules
• The operator Module
• Random and Pseudorandom Numbers
• Physically random and cryptographically strong random numbers
• The random module
• The decimal Module
• The gmpy Module
• 16. Array Processing
• The array Module
• Extensions for Numeric Array Computation
• The Numeric Package
• Array Objects
• Typecodes
• Shape and Indexing
• Storage
• Slicing
• Slicing examples
• Assigning to array slices
• Truth Values and Comparisons of Arrays
• Factory Functions
• Attributes and Methods
• Operations on Arrays
• Broadcasting
• In-place operations
• Functions
• Universal Functions (ufuncs)
• The Optional output Argument
• Callable Attributes
• ufunc Objects Supplied by Numeric
• Shorthand for Commonly Used ufunc Methods
• Auxiliary Numeric Modules
• 17. Tkinter GUIs
• Tkinter Fundamentals
• Dialogs
• The tkMessageBox module
• The tkSimpleDialog module
• The tkFileDialog module
• The tkColorChooser module
• Widget Fundamentals
• Common Widget Options
• Color options
• Length options
• Options expressing numbers of characters
• Other common options
• Common Widget Methods
• Tkinter Variable Objects
• Tkinter Images
• Commonly Used Simple Widgets
• Button
• Checkbutton
• Entry
• Label
• Listbox
• Radiobutton
• Scale
• Scrollbar
• Container Widgets
• Frame
• Toplevel
• Menus
• Menu-Specific Methods
• Menu Entries
• Menu Example
• The Text Widget
• The ScrolledText Module
• Text Widget Methods
• Marks
• Tags
• Indices
• Fonts
• Text Example
• The Canvas Widget
• Canvas Methods on Items
• The Line Canvas Item
• The Polygon Canvas Item
• The Rectangle Canvas Item
• The Text Canvas Item
• A Simple Plotting Example
• Layout Management
• The Packer
• The Gridder
• The Placer
• Tkinter Events
• The Event Object
• Binding Callbacks to Events
• Event Names
• Keyboard events
• Mouse events
• Event-Related Methods
• An Events Example
• Other Callback-Related Methods
• 18. Testing, Debugging, and Optimizing
• Testing
• Unit Testing and System Testing
• The doctest Module
• The unittest Module
• The TestCase class
• Unit tests dealing with large amounts of data
• Debugging
• Before You Debug
• The inspect Module
• An example of using inspect
• The traceback Module
• The pdb Module
• Debugging in IDLE
• The warnings Module
• Classes
• Objects
• Filters
• Functions
• Optimization
• Developing a Fast-Enough Python Application
• Benchmarking
• Large-Scale Optimization
• List operations
• String operations
• Dictionary operations
• Set operations
• Summary of big-O times for operations on Python built-in types
• Profiling
• The profile module
• Calibration
• The pstats module
• Small-Scale Optimization
• Module timeit
• Building up a string from pieces
• Searching and sorting
• Avoiding exec and from…import *
• Optimizing loops
• Optimizing I/O
• IV. Network and Web Programming
• 19. Client-Side Network Protocol Modules
• URL Access
• The urlparse Module
• The urllib Module
• Functions
• The FancyURLopener class
• The urllib2 Module
• Functions
• The Request class
• The OpenerDirector class
• Handler classes
• Handling authentication
• Email Protocols
• The poplib Module
• The smtplib Module
• The HTTP and FTP Protocols
• The httplib Module
• The ftplib Module
• Network News
• Response Strings
• Methods
• Example
• Telnet
• Distributed Computing
• Other Protocols
• 20. Sockets and Server-Side Network Protocol Modules
• The socket Module
• socket Functions
• The socket Class
• Echo Server and Client Using TCP Sockets
• Echo Server and Client Using UDP Sockets
• Socket Timeout Behavior
• The SocketServer Module
• The BaseRequestHandler Class
• HTTP Servers
• The BaseHTTPServer module
• The SimpleHTTPServer module
• The CGIHTTPServer module
• The SimpleXMLRPCServer module
• Event-Driven Socket Programs
• The select Module
• The asyncore and asynchat Modules
• The asyncore module
• The asynchat module
• The Twisted Framework
• The twisted.internet and twisted.protocols packages
• Reactors
• Transports
• Protocol handlers and factories
• Echo server using Twisted
• 21. CGI Scripting and Alternatives
• CGI in Python
• Form Submission Methods
• The cgi Module
• CGI Output and Errors
• Error messages
• The cgitb module
• Installing Python CGI Scripts
• Python CGI scripts on Microsoft web servers
• Python CGI scripts on Apache
• Python CGI scripts on Xitami
• Cookies
• The Cookie Module
• Cookie methods
• Morsel attributes and methods
• Using module Cookie
• Other Server-Side Approaches
• FastCGI
• WSGI
• mod_python
• Custom Pure Python Servers
• Other Higher-Level-of-Abstraction Frameworks
• Webware
• Quixote
• web.py
• 22. MIME and Network Encodings
• Encoding Binary Data as Text
• The base64 Module
• The quopri Module
• The uu Module
• MIME and Email Format Handling
• Functions in Package email
• The email.Message Module
• The email.Generator Module
• Creating Messages
• The email.Encoders Module
• The email.Utils Module
• Example Uses of the email Package
• The Message Classes of the rfc822 and mimetools Modules
• 23. Structured Text: HTML
• The sgmllib Module
• Parsing HTML with sgmllib
• The htmllib Module
• The htmlentitydefs Module
• Parsing HTML with htmllib
• The HTMLParser Module
• Parsing HTML with HTMLParser
• The BeautifulSoup Extension
• Parsing HTML with BeautifulSoup
• Generating HTML
• Embedding
• Templating
• The Cheetah Package
• The Cheetah templating language
• The Template class
• A Cheetah example
• 24. Structured Text: XML
• An Overview of XML Parsing
• Parsing XML with SAX
• The xml.sax Package
• Attributes
• Incremental parsing
• The xml.sax.saxutils module
• Parsing XHTML with xml.sax
• Parsing XML with DOM
• The xml.dom Package
• The xml.dom.minidom Module
• Node objects
• Attr objects
• Document objects
• Element objects
• Parsing XHTML with xml.dom.minidom
• The xml.dom.pulldom Module
• Parsing XHTML with xml.dom.pulldom
• Changing and Generating XML
• Factory Methods of a Document Object
• Mutating Methods of an Element Object
• Mutating Methods of a Node Object
• Output Methods of a Node Object
• Changing and Outputting XHTML with xml.dom.minidom
• V. Extending and Embedding
• 25. Extending and Embedding Classic Python
• Extending Python with Python’s C API
• Building and Installing C-Coded Python Extensions
• The C compiler you need
• Compatibility of C-coded extensions among Python versions
• Overview of C-Coded Python Extension Modules
• Return Values of Python’s C API Functions
• Module Initialization
• The PyMethodDef structure
• Reference Counting
• Accessing Arguments
• Creating Python Values
• Exceptions
• Abstract Layer Functions
• Concrete Layer Functions
• A Simple Extension Example
• Defining New Types
• Per-instance data
• The PyTypeObject definition
• Instance initialization and finalization
• Attribute access
• Type definition example
• Extending Python Without Python’s C API
• Embedding Python
• Installing Resident Extension Modules
• Setting Arguments
• Python Initialization and Finalization
• Running Python Code
• Pyrex
• The cdef Statement and Function Parameters
• External declarations
• cdef classes
• The ctypedef Statement
• The for…from Statement
• Pyrex Expressions
• A Pyrex Example: Greatest Common Divisor
• 26. Extending and Embedding Jython
• Importing Java Packages in Jython
• The Jython Registry
• Accessibility
• Type Conversions
• Calling overloaded Java methods
• The jarray module
• The java.util collection classes
• Subclassing a Java Class
• JavaBeans
• Embedding Jython in Java
• The PythonInterpreter Class
• The _ _builtin_ _ class
• The PyObject Class
• The Py Class
• Compiling Python into Java
• The jythonc Command
• Adding Java-Visible Methods
• Python Applets and Servlets
• Python applets
• Python servlets
• 27. Distributing Extensions and Programs
• Python’s distutils
• The Distribution and Its Root
• The setup.py Script
• Metadata About the Distribution
• Distribution Contents
• Python source files
• Datafiles
• C-coded extensions
• The setup.cfg File
• The MANIFEST.in and MANIFEST Files
• Creating Prebuilt Distributions with distutils
• py2exe
• py2app
• cx_Freeze
• PyInstaller
• A. About the Author
• Index
• About the Author
• Colophon
• Copyright