Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contributors
• Foreword to the Sixth Edition
• Preface to the Sixth Edition
• Contents
• PART I Basic Principles of Physiology and Pharmacology
• CHAPTER 1: Basic Principles of Physiology
• Body Composition
• Blood Volume
• Constituents of Body Fluid Compartments
• Osmosis
• Tonicity of Fluids
• Fluid Management
• Dehydration
• Cell Structure and Function
• Cell Anatomy
• Cell Membrane
• Transfer of Molecules Through Cell Membranes
• Nucleus
• Structure and Function of DNA and RNA
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Lysosomes
• Golgi Apparatus
• References
• CHAPTER 2: Basic Principles of Pharmacology
• Receptor Theory
• Receptor Action
• Receptor Types
• Pharmacokinetics
• Distribution
• Protein Binding
• Metabolism
• Pathways of Metabolism
• Phase I Enzymes
• Phase II Enzymes
• Hepatic Clearance
• Renal Clearance
• Absorption
• Ionization
• Determinants of Degree of Ionization
• Ion Trapping
• Route of Administration and Systemic Absorption of Drugs
• Oral Administration
• Sublingual, Buccal, and Nasal Administration
• Transdermal Administration
• Rectal Administration
• Pharmacokinetic Models
• Zero- and First-Order Processes
• Physiologic Pharmacokinetic Models
• Compartmental Pharmacokinetic Models
• One-Compartment Model
• Multicompartment Models
• The Time Course of Drug Effect
• Dose Calculations
• Bolus Dosing
• Maintenance Infusion Rate
• Context-Sensitive Half-time
• Pharmacodynamics
• Concentration Versus Response Relationships
• Potency and Efficacy
• Effective Dose and Lethal Dose
• Drug Interactions
• Actions at Different Receptors
• Stereochemistry
• Clinical Aspects of Chirality
• Individual Variability
• Elderly Patients
• Enzyme Activity
• Genetic Disorders
• Drug Interactions
• References
• PART II Neurologic System
• CHAPTER 3: Neurophysiology*
• How Nerves Work
• Neurons
• Classification of Afferent Nerve Fibers
• Evaluation of Peripheral Nerve Function
• The Action Potential
• Propagation of Action Potentials
• Ion Channel Evaluation
• Abnormal Action Potentials
• Neurotransmitters and Receptors
• Ion Channels
• Receptor Concentration
• Receptor Diseases
• The Synapse
• Structure
• Synaptic Fatigue
• Posttetanic Facilitation
• Factors That Influence Neuron Responsiveness
• Central Nervous System
• Cerebral Hemispheres
• Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
• Dominant Versus Nondominant Hemisphere
• Memory
• Awareness and Recall During Anesthesia
• Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction
• Brainstem
• Limbic System and Hypothalamus
• Basal Ganglia
• Reticular Activating System
• Cerebellum
• Spinal Cord
• Gray Matter
• White Matter
• Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Tracts
• Thalamocortical System
• Spinal Nerve
• Central Nervous System Membranes
• Autonomic Reflexes
• Spinal Shock
• Imaging of the Nervous System
• Cerebral Blood Flow
• Autoregulation
• Electroencephalogram
• Classification of Brain Waves
• Clinical Uses
• Brain Wave Monitors
• Epilepsy
• Evoked Potentials
• Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
• Motor Evoked Potentials
• Auditory Evoked Potentials
• Visual Evoked Potentials
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Formation
• Reabsorption
• Intracerebral Circulation
• Hydrocephalus
• Intracranial Pressure
• Papilledema
• Blood–Brain Barrier
• Vision
• Intraocular Pressure
• Retina
• Visual Pathway
• Field of Vision
• Muscular Control of Eye Movements
• Innervation of the Eye
• Horner Syndrome
• Hearing
• Perioperative Hearing Impairment
• Taste
• Smell
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Pathways for Peripheral Sensory Impulses
• Pathways for Peripheral Motor Responses
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System
• Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
• Norepinephrine as a Neurotransmitter
• Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter
• Residual Autonomic Nervous System Tone
• Determination of Autonomic Nervous System Function
• Adrenal Medulla
• Synthesis
• Release
• Thermoregulation
• Heat Loss
• Regulation of Body Temperature
• Nonshivering Thermogenesis
• Shivering
• Causes of Increased Body Temperature
• Perioperative Temperature Changes
• Sequence of Temperature Changes During Anesthesia
• Beneficial Effects of Perioperative Hypothermia
• Adverse Consequences of Perioperative Hypothermia
• Perioperative Temperature Measurement
• Prevention of Perioperative Hypothermia
• References
• CHAPTER 4: Inhaled Anesthetics
• History
• Inhaled Anesthetics for the Present and Future
• Cost Considerations
• Current Clinically Useful Inhaled Anesthetics
• Nitrous Oxide
• Halothane
• Enflurane
• Isoflurane
• Desflurane
• Intraoperative Diagnosis of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
• Sevoflurane
• Xenon
• Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Anesthetics
• Determinants of Alveolar Partial Pressure
• Inhaled Partial Pressure
• Alveolar Ventilation
• Anesthetic Breathing System
• Solubility
• Blood:Gas Partition Coefficients
• Tissue:Blood Partition Coefficients
• Oil:Gas Partition Coefficients
• Nitrous Oxide Transfer to Closed Gas Spaces
• Cardiopulmonary Bypass
• Cardiac Output
• Impact of a Shunt
• Alveolar-to-Venous Partial Pressure Differences
• Recovery From Anesthesia
• Context-Sensitive Half-Time
• Diffusion Hypoxia
• Pharmacodynamics of Inhaled Anesthetics
• Minimal Alveolar Concentration
• Factors That Alter Minimal Alveolar Concentration
• Mechanisms of Anesthetic Action
• Meyer-Overton Theory (Critical Volume Hypothesis)
• Stereoselectivity
• Potential Mediators of Anesthetic Action
• Mechanism of Immobility
• Mechanism of Anesthesia-Induced Unconsciousness
• Comparative Pharmacology of Gaseous Anesthetic Drugs
• Central Nervous System Effects
• Electroencephalogram
• Seizure Activity
• Evoked Potentials
• Mental Function and Awareness
• Cerebral Blood Flow
• Cerebral Metabolic Oxygen Requirements
• Cerebral Protection
• Intracranial Pressure
• Cerebrospinal Fluid Production
• Circulatory Effects
• Mean Arterial Pressure
• Heart Rate
• Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume
• Right Atrial Pressure
• Systemic Vascular Resistance
• Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
• Cardiac Dysrhythmias
• Spontaneous Breathing
• Coronary Blood Flow
• Neurocirculatory Responses
• Preexisting Diseases and Drug Therapy
• Mechanisms of Circulatory Effects
• Cardiac Protection (Anesthetic Preconditioning)
• Ventilation Effects
• Pattern of Breathing
• Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide
• Surgical Stimulation
• Duration of Administration
• Mechanism of Depression
• Management of Ventilatory Depression
• Ventilatory Response to Hypoxemia
• Airway Resistance and Irritability
• Neurologic Effects
• Hepatic Effects
• Hepatic Blood Flow
• Drug Clearance
• Liver Function Tests
• Hepatotoxicity
• Renal Effects
• Fluoride-Induced Nephrotoxicity
• Skeletal Muscle Effects
• Neuromuscular Junction
• Malignant Hyperthermia
• Obstetric Effects
• Resistance to Infection
• Genetic Effects
• Bone Marrow Function
• Peripheral Neuropathy
• Total Body Oxygen Requirements
• Metabolism
• Environmental Impact of Inhaled Anesthetics
• References
• CHAPTER 5: Intravenous Sedatives and Hypnotics*
• Overview
• γ-Aminobutyric Acid Agonists
• Propofol
• Commercial Preparations
• Mechanism of Action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Effects on Organ Systems
• Other Side Effects
• Miscellaneous Effects
• Etomidate
• Commercial Preparation
• Mechanism of Action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Benzodiazepines
• Mechanism of Action
• Nucleoside Transporter Systems
• Electroencephalogram
• Side Effects
• Drug Interactions
• Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
• Dependence
• Aging
• Platelet Aggregation
• Midazolam
• Commercial Preparation
• Pharmacokinetics
• Effects on Organ Systems
• Clinical Uses
• Diazepam
• Commercial Preparation
• Effects on Organ Systems
• Overdose
• Clinical Uses
• Lorazepam
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Temazepam
• Remimazolam
• Flumazenil
• Dose and Administration
• Side Effects
• Short-Acting Nonbenzodiazepine Benzodiazepines
• Barbiturates
• Barbiturates’ Use in Anesthesia
• Mechanism of Action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Applications
• Side Effects
• Other Effects
• Non–γ-Aminobutyric Acid Sedatives and Hypnotics
• Ketamine
• Structure–Activity Relationships
• Mechanism of Action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Drug Interactions
• Dextromethorphan
• Dexmedetomidine
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Effects on the Control of Breathing
• References
• CHAPTER 6: Pain Physiology
• Social Impact
• Neurobiology of Pain
• Peripheral Nerve Physiology of Pain
• Nociceptors (Pain Receptors)
• Sensitization of Nociceptor
• Primary Hyperalgesia and Secondary Hyperalgesia
• Central Nervous System Physiology
• The Dorsal Horn: The Relay Center for Nociception
• Gate Theory
• Central Sensitization of Dorsal Horn Neurons
• Ascending Pathway for Pain Transmission
• Supraspinal Modulation of Nociception
• Descending Pathway for Pain Modulation
• Transition From Acute Pain to Chronic Pain
• Psychobiology of Pain
• Some Specific Types of Pain
• Neuropathic Pain
• Visceral Pain
• Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
• Pain in Neonate and Infant
• Embryologic Origin and Localization of Pain
• References
• CHAPTER 7: Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
• Chemical Structure of Opium Alkaloids
• Semisynthetic Opioids
• Synthetic Opioids
• Opioid Receptors
• Endogenous Pain-Modulating Mechanisms
• Common Opioid Side Effects
• Cardiovascular System
• Ventilation
• Cough Suppression
• Central Nervous System
• Rigidity
• Sedation
• Biliary Tract
• Gastrointestinal Tract
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Genitourinary System
• Cutaneous Changes
• Placental Transfer
• Drug Interactions
• Hormonal Changes
• Overdose
• Provocation of Coughing
• Pharmacodynamic Tolerance and Physical Dependence
• Opioid Agonists
• Morphine
• Pharmacokinetics
• Side Effects
• Meperidine
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Fentanyl
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Sufentanil
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Alfentanil
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Remifentanil
• Ventilation
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Opioids With Oral Bioavailability
• Codeine
• Hydromorphone
• Oxymorphone
• Oxycodone
• Hydrocodone
• Methadone
• Opioid Withdrawal
• Treatment of Chronic Pain
• Tramadol
• Heroin
• Opioid Agonist-Antagonists
• Pentazocine
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Butorphanol
• Side Effects
• Nalbuphine
• Buprenorphine
• Side Effects
• Opioid Antagonists
• Naloxone
• Side Effects
• Role in Treatment of Shock
• Antagonism of General Anesthesia
• Naltrexone
• Methylnaltrexone
• Alvimopan
• Naloxegol
• Tamper- or Abuse-Resistant Opioids
• Opioid Allergy
• Opioid Immune Modulation
• Anesthetic Requirements
• Patient-Controlled Analgesia
• Neuraxial Opioids
• Pharmacokinetics
• Side Effects
• Pruritus
• Urinary Retention
• Depression of Ventilation
• Sedation
• Central Nervous System Excitation
• Viral Reactivation
• Neonatal Morbidity
• Miscellaneous Side Effects
• Opioid Safety Issues
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Practical Issues
• The “Opioid Crisis”
• References
• CHAPTER 8: Centrally Acting Nonopioid Analgesics*
• α2-Adrenergic Agonists
• Clonidine
• Dexmedetomidine
• Neostigmine
• Ketamine
• Tramadol
• Droperidol
• Conopeptides
• Ziconotide
• Other Investigational Conopeptides
• CGX-1160
• Octreotide
• Baclofen
• Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
• Ketorolac
• Magnesium Sulfate
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 9: Peripherally Acting Analgesics*
• Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
• Less Selective Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
• Side Effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
• Platelet Function
• Gastrointestinal Side Effects
• Cardiovascular Side Effects
• Renal Side Effects
• Liver Side Effects
• Pulmonary Side Effects
• Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Idiosyncratic Adverse Effects
• Drug-Drug Interactions With Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
• Acetaminophen
• Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)
• Overdose
• Steroids
• Systemic Local Anesthetics
• Topical Application of 5% Lidocaine
• Capsaicin
• Ketamine
• Clonidine
• Dexmedetomidine
• Opioids
• References
• CHAPTER 10: Local Anesthetics
• Molecular Structure
• Structure-Activity Relationships
• Racemic Mixtures or Pure Isomers
• Mechanism of Action
• Sodium Channels
• Frequency-Dependent Blockade
• Other Site of Action Targets
• Minimum Effective Concentration
• Differential Conduction Blockade
• Pharmacokinetics
• Absorption and Distribution
• Lung Extraction
• Changes During Pregnancy (see also Chapter 45)
• Placental Transfer
• Renal Elimination and Clearance
• Metabolism of Amide Local Anesthetics
• Lidocaine
• Prilocaine
• Mepivacaine
• Bupivacaine
• Ropivacaine
• Dibucaine
• Metabolism of Ester Local Anesthetics
• Procaine
• Chloroprocaine
• Tetracaine
• Benzocaine
• Cocaine
• Alkalinization of Local Anesthetic Solutions
• Adjuvant Mixed With Local Anesthetics
• Combinations of Local Anesthetics
• Use of Vasoconstrictors
• Adverse Effects of Local Anesthetics
• Allergic Reactions
• Cross-Sensitivity
• Documentation of Allergy
• Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity
• Central Nervous System Effects
• Cardiovascular System Effects
• Treatment of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity
• Neural Tissue Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
• Transient Neurologic Symptoms
• Cauda Equina Syndrome
• Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome
• Methemoglobinemia
• Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia
• Hepatotoxicity
• Uses of Local Anesthetics
• Regional Anesthesia
• Topical Anesthesia
• Local Infiltration
• Peripheral Nerve Block Anesthesia
• Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks
• Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (Bier Block)
• Epidural Anesthesia
• Spinal Anesthesia
• Liposomal Local Anesthetics
• Tumescent Liposuction
• Cocaine Toxicity
• Pharmacokinetics
• Adverse Physiologic Effects
• Treatment
• References
• CHAPTER 11: Neuromuscular Physiology
• Muscle Types
• Motor Units
• The Neuromuscular Junction
• Presynaptic Region
• Synaptic Vesicles
• Synaptic Cleft
• The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor at the Neuromuscular Junction
• Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
• Blood Flow
• Smooth Muscle
• Mechanism of Contraction
• Uterine Smooth Muscle
• References
• CHAPTER 12: Neuromuscular-Blocking Drugs and Reversal Agents
• Principles of Action of Neuromuscular-Blocking Drugs at the Neuromuscular Junction
• Pharmacology of Succinylcholine
• Structure-Activity Relationships for Succinylcholine
• Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacogenomics of Succinylcholine
• Factors Affecting Butyrylcholinesterase Activity
• Genetic Variants of Butyrylcholinesterase
• Side Effects of Succinylcholine
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Hyperkalemia
• Myoglobinuria
• Increased Intraocular Pressure
• Increased Intragastric Pressure
• Increased Intracranial Pressure
• Myalgias
• Masseter Spasm
• Pharmacology of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular-Blocking Drugs
• Benzylisoquinolinium Compounds
• Atracurium
• Cisatracurium
• Mivacurium
• Steroidal Compounds
• Pancuronium
• Vecuronium
• Rocuronium
• Potency of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular-Blocking Drugs
• Effect of Drug Potency on Speed of Onset
• Factors That Increase the Potency of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular-Blocking Drugs
• Factors That Decrease the Potency of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular-Blocking Drugs
• Adverse Effects of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular-Blocking Drugs
• Autonomic Effects
• Histamine Release
• Allergic Reactions
• Drugs for Reversal of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockade
• Acetylcholinesterase at the Neuromuscular Junction
• Mechanisms of Action of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
• Clinical Pharmacology
• Limitations of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
• Sugammadex: A Selective Relaxant Binding Agent
• References
• CHAPTER 13: Neurologically Active Drugs
• Antiepileptic Drugs
• Pharmacokinetics
• Drug Interactions Related to Protein Binding
• Drug Interactions Related to Accelerated Metabolism
• Principles of Dosing
• Plasma Concentrations and Laboratory Testing
• Mechanism of Seizure Activity
• Mechanism of Drug Action
• Major Antiepileptic Drugs
• Adverse Side Effects
• Carbamazepine
• Eslicarbazepine
• Ethosuximide
• Felbamate
• Gabapentin
• Lacosamide
• Lamotrigine
• Levetiracetam
• Oxcarbazepine
• Perampanel
• Phenobarbital
• Phenytoin
• Primidone
• Rufinamide
• Stiripentol
• Tiagabine
• Topiramate
• Valproic Acid
• Vigabatrin
• Zonisamide
• Benzodiazepines
• Status Epilepticus
• Treatment
• Drugs Used for Treatment of Parkinson Disease
• Levodopa
• Metabolism
• Side Effects
• Laboratory Measurements
• Drug Interactions
• Peripheral Decarboxylase Inhibitors
• Catechol-O-methyltransferase Inhibitors
• Side Effects
• Synthetic Dopamine Agonists
• Side Effects
• Anticholinergic Drugs
• Amantadine
• Monoamine Oxidase Type B Enzyme Inhibitors
• Nonpharmacologic Treatment
• Central Nervous System Stimulants
• Amphetamine
• Doxapram
• Clinical Uses
• Methylphenidate
• Methylxanthines
• Mechanism of Action
• Clinical Uses
• Toxicity
• Drug Interactions
• Caffeine
• Almitrine
• Modafinil
• Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants
• Baclofen
• Benzodiazepines
• Botulinum Toxin
• Tizanidine
• Dantrolene
• References
• PART III Circulatory System
• CHAPTER 14: Circulatory Physiology*
• Systemic Circulation
• Endothelial Function
• Endothelial Function and Regulation of Vascular Tone
• Components of the Systemic Circulation
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules and Veins
• Physical Characteristics of the Systemic Circulation
• Measurement of Systemic Blood Pressure
• Direct Measurement of Blood Pressure With an Intravascular Catheter
• Progressive Declines in Systemic Blood Pressure
• Pulse Pressure in Arteries
• The Venous Circulation
• Right Atrial Pressure
• Measuring Central Venous Pressure
• Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure
• Venous Valves and the Pump Mechanism
• Blood Viscosity
• Determinants of Tissue Blood Flow
• Vascular Distensibility
• Vascular Compliance
• Control of Tissue Blood Flow
• Local Control of Blood Flow
• Autoregulation of Blood Flow
• Long-Term Control of Blood Flow
• Autonomic Nervous System Control of Blood Flow
• Hormone Control of Blood Flow
• Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure
• Rapid-Acting Mechanisms for the Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure
• Moderately Rapid-Acting Mechanisms for the Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure
• Long-Term Mechanisms for the Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure
• Regulation of Cardiac Output and Venous Return
• Determinants of Cardiac Output
• Ventricular Function Curves
• Pressure-Volume Loops
• Shock Syndromes
• Measurement of Cardiac Output
• Microcirculation
• Anatomy of the Microcirculation
• Blood Flow in Capillaries
• Vasoactive Role of the Capillary Endothelium
• Fluid Movement Between the Capillary Lumen and the Interstitium
• Lymphatics
• Anatomy
• Formation and Flow of Lymph
• Edema
• Pulmonary Circulation
• Anatomy
• Bronchial Circulation
• Pulmonary Lymph Vessels
• Pulmonary Vascular Pressure
• Measurement of Left Atrial Pressure
• Interstitial Fluid Space
• Pulmonary Blood Volume
• Pulmonary Blood Flow and Distribution
• Endothelial Regulation of Pulmonary Blood Flow
• Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
• Effect of Breathing
• Regional Blood Flow in the Lungs
• Pulmonary Circulatory Pathology
• Pulmonary Edema
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Pulmonary Hypertension
• References
• CHAPTER 15: Cardiac Physiology*
• Cardiac Anatomy
• Pericardium
• Heart
• The Coronary Circulation
• The Cardiac Conduction System
• Cardiac Physiology
• Myocardium
• Cardiac Action Potential
• Excitation-Contraction Coupling
• Control of Cardiac Function
• Cardiac Cycle
• Electrical and Mechanical Events
• Myocardial Performance, Preload, and Afterload
• Hemodynamic Calculations
• Pathophysiology
• Ischemic Heart Disease
• Heart Failure
• Valvular Heart Disease
• Aortic Stenosis
• Aortic Insufficiency
• Mitral Stenosis
• Mitral Regurgitation
• Cardiac Dysrhythmias
• Etiology
• Mechanisms of Arrhythmia
• Types of Dysrhythmias
• References
• CHAPTER 16: Renal Physiology*
• Kidney Structure and Function
• Basic Anatomy of the Kidney
• The Glomerulus
• The Renal Tubule
• Renal Blood Flow
• Renal Cortex Blood Flow: Glomerular and Peritubular Capillaries
• Renal Medulla Blood Flow: The Vasa Recta
• Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
• Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
• Regulation of Body Fluid
• Blood and Extracellular Fluid Volume
• Atrial and Renal Natriuretic Factors
• Osmolarity of Body Fluids
• Osmoreceptor–Arginine Vasopressin Hormone
• Thirst Reflex
• Plasma Concentration of Ions and Urea
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Acid-Base Balance
• Calcium and Magnesium
• Urea
• Measuring Kidney Function
• Acute Kidney Injury
• Classification
• Prerenal Azotemia
• Intrinsic Causes of Acute Kidney Injury
• Postrenal Obstructive Nephropathy
• Acute Kidney Injury Diagnosis
• Diagnostic Criteria
• Anesthesia and the Kidneys
• Anesthesia and Renal Blood Flow
• Perioperative Risk Assessment
• Intraoperative Management
• References
• CHAPTER 17: Intravenous Fluids and Electrolytes*
• Total Body Fluid Composition
• Intravenous Fluid Types
• Crystalloids
• Colloids
• Albumin (4%-5%)
• Semisynthetic Colloid Solutions
• Assessing Fluid Responsiveness
• Important Fluid Constituents
• Magnesium
• Role of Magnesium
• Hypomagnesemia
• Hypermagnesemia
• Preeclampsia
• Cardiac Dysrhythmias
• Analgesia
• Asthma
• Pheochromocytoma
• Calcium
• Role of Calcium
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypercalcemia
• Bone Composition
• Denosumab
• Potassium
• Role of Potassium
• Drugs Causing Hypokalemia
• Drugs Causing Hyperkalemia
• Hypokalemia
• Hyperkalemia
• Phosphate
• Iron
• Iron Deficiency
• Copper
• Zinc
• Chromium
• Selenium
• Manganese
• Molybdenum
• References
• CHAPTER 18: Sympathomimetic Drugs*
• Naturally Occurring Catecholamines
• Epinephrine
• Clinical Uses
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Airway Smooth Muscle
• Metabolic Effects
• Electrolytes
• Ocular Effects
• Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Effects
• Norepinephrine
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Dopamine
• Clinical Uses
• Renal-Dose Dopamine
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Gastrointestinal Effects
• Endocrine and Immunologic Effects
• Respiratory Effects
• Intraocular Pressure
• Synthetic Catecholamines
• Isoproterenol
• Clinical Uses
• Adverse Effects
• Dobutamine
• Clinical Uses
• Adverse Effects
• Synthetic Noncatecholamines
• Ephedrine
• Clinical Uses
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Phenylephrine
• Clinical Uses
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Treatment of Overdose
• Selective β2-Adrenergic Agonists
• Clinical Uses
• Route of Administration
• Side Effects
• Albuterol
• Metaproterenol
• Terbutaline
• Cardiac Glycosides
• Digoxin
• Pharmacokinetics
• Mechanism of Action
• Toxicity
• Drug Interactions
• Selective Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
• Milrinone
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Calcium
• Calcium Measurement
• Calcium Sensitizers
• Levosimendan
• References
• CHAPTER 19: Sympatholytics
• α- and β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
• α-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
• Mechanism of Action
• Phentolamine
• Phenoxybenzamine
• Yohimbine
• Doxazosin
• Prazosin
• Terazosin
• Tamsulosin
• Alfuzosin
• Sildosin
• Tolazoline
• α2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
• Mechanism of Action
• Clonidine
• Dexmedetomidine
• β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
• Mechanism of Action
• Structure-Activity Relationships
• Classification
• Pharmacokinetics
• Propranolol
• Nadolol and Pindolol
• Timolol
• Metoprolol
• Atenolol
• Betaxolol
• Bisoprolol
• Nebivolol
• Esmolol
• Combined α- and β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
• Labetalol
• Carvedilol
• Calcium Channel Blockers
• Mechanism of Action
• Pharmacologic Effects
• Phenylalkylamines
• Verapamil
• Dihydropyridines
• Nifedipine
• Nicardipine
• Clevidipine
• Nimodipine
• Amlodipine
• Benzothiazepines
• Diltiazem
• Drug Interactions
• Anesthetic Drugs
• Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs
• Potassium-Containing Solutions
• Platelet Function
• Digoxin
• H2 Antagonists
• Cytoprotection
• References
• CHAPTER 20: Vasodilators*
• Introduction
• Systemic Hypertension
• Specific Antihypertensive Drugs and Anesthesia
• β-Adrenergic Blockers
• Mechanism of Action
• Side Effects
• Intravenous β Blockers
• α1 Receptor Blockers
• Pharmacokinetics
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Side Effects
• α2 Agonists
• Mechanism of Action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Side Effects
• Rebound Hypertension
• Other Clinical Uses
• Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
• Mechanism of Action
• Side Effects
• Preoperative Management
• Specific Agents
• Calcium Channel Blocking Drugs
• Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
• Nitric Oxide and Nitrovasodilators
• Nitric Oxide
• Nitric Oxide as a Pulmonary Vasodilator
• Toxicity
• Nitrodilators
• Sodium Nitroprusside
• Nitrates
• Isosorbide Dinitrate
• Hydralazine
• Fenoldopam
• Diuretics
• Drugs Not Discussed
• References
• CHAPTER 21: Antiarrhythmic Drugs*
• Mechanism of Action
• Classification
• Class I Drugs
• Class IA Drugs
• Class IB Drugs
• Class IC Drugs
• Class II Drugs
• Class III Drugs
• Class IV Drugs
• Class 0 Drugs
• Proarrhythmic Effects
• Torsades de Pointes
• Incessant Ventricular Tachycardia
• Wide Complex Ventricular Rhythm
• Efficacy and Results of Treatment With Cardiac Antiarrhythmic Drugs
• Prophylactic Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy
• Decision to Treat Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Antiarrhythmic Drug Pharmacology
• Quinidine
• Mechanism of Action
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Side Effects
• Procainamide
• Mechanism of Action
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Side Effects
• Disopyramide
• Side Effects
• Moricizine
• Side Effects
• Lidocaine
• Mechanism of Action
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Side Effects
• Mexiletine
• Side Effects
• Tocainide
• Phenytoin
• Mechanism of Action
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Side Effects
• Flecainide
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Side Effects
• Propafenone
• Side Effects
• β-Adrenergic Antagonists
• Mechanism of Action
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Side Effects
• Amiodarone
• Mechanism of Action
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Side Effects
• Pharmacokinetic
• Dronedarone
• Mechanism of Action
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Side Effects
• Sotalol
• Side Effects
• Ibutilide
• Dofetilide
• Verapamil and Diltiazem
• Mechanism of Action
• Metabolism and Excretion
• Side Effects
• Other Cardiac Antiarrhythmic Drugs
• Digitalis
• Adenosine
• Mechanism of Action
• Side Effects
• Ranolazine
• References
• CHAPTER 22: Diuretics*
• Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Loop Diuretics
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
• Ethacrynic Acid
• Furosemide
• Bumetanide and Torsemide
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Thiazide Diuretics
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Osmotic Diuretics
• Mannitol
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Aldosterone Antagonists
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Dopamine Receptor Agonists
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
• Clinical Uses
• Natriuretic Peptides
• Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Aquaporin Modulators
• References
• CHAPTER 23: Lipid-Lowering Drugs*
• Lipoprotein Metabolism
• Exogenous Pathway
• Endogenous Pathway
• Lipid Disorders
• Drugs for Treatment of Hyperlipidemia
• Statins
• Pharmacokinetics
• Side Effects
• Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors
• Pharmacokinetics
• Side Effects
• Bile Acid Resins
• Side Effects
• Niacin
• Pharmacokinetics
• Side Effects
• Fibrates
• Pharmacokinetics
• Side Effects
• Ezetimibe
• Side Effects
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil)
• Other Agents
• References
• PART IV Pulmonary System
• CHAPTER 24: Gas Exchange
• Functional Anatomy
• Upper Airway Anatomy and Gas Flow
• Oropharynx and Nasopharynx
• Larynx
• Pharyngeal Innervation
• Upper Airway Gas Flow
• Tracheal and Bronchial Structure
• Respiratory Airways and Alveoli
• Pulmonary Circulation
• Thorax and Muscles of Respiration
• Inspiration
• Expiration
• Respiratory Mechanical Function
• Lung Volumes and Spirometry
• Closing Capacity and Closing Volume
• Compliance
• Resistance
• The Equal Pressure Point
• Work of Breathing
• Respiratory Fatigue
• Physiology of Ventilation and Perfusion
• Pulmonary Circulation
• Pulmonary Hemodynamics
• Distribution of Perfusion
• Matching of Ventilation and Perfusion
• Dead Space
• Measurement of Dead Space
• Shunt
• Alveolar-Arterial Oxygen Difference (A-aDO2)
• Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
• Movement of Gas
• Oxygen Transport
• Shifts of the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
• Carbon Dioxide Transport
• Control of Respiration
• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Chemoreceptors
• Other Neural Connections to the Medullary Respiratory Centers
• Abnormal Breathing Patterns
• Altered Physiologic Conditions
• Anesthesia
• Position
• Obesity
• Sleep-Disordered Breathing
• Exercise
• Altered Barometric Pressures
• Age
• Infants and Children
• The Elderly
• Chronic Respiratory Disease
• One-Lung Ventilation
• Extracorporeal Ventilatory Support
• References
• CHAPTER 25: Respiratory Pharmacology
• Pharmacology of the Airways
• Influence of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Airways
• Inhaled Adrenergic Agonists
• Systemic Adrenergic Agonists
• Inhaled Cholinergic Antagonists
• Systemic Cholinergic Antagonists
• Influence of Inflammation on the Airway
• Inhaled Corticosteroids
• Systemic Corticosteroids
• Leukotriene Modifiers
• Mast Cell Stabilizers
• Methylxanthines
• Combined Pharmacologic Therapy of Asthma
• Influence of Anesthetics on the Airways
• Volatile Anesthetics
• Intravenous Anesthetics
• Local Anesthetics
• Influence of Adjunctive Agents on the Airway
• Pharmacology of the Pulmonary Circulation
• Anesthetic Drugs
• Ketamine
• Propofol
• Etomidate
• Opioids
• Volatile Anesthetics
• Neuromuscular Blockers
• Magnesium
• Regional Analgesia
• Vasopressors and Inotropes
• Pulmonary Vasodilators
• Nitric Oxide
• Prostaglandins
• Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
• Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
• Intrinsic Pharmacologic Effects of the Lungs
• Exogenous Substances
• Drugs
• Opioids
• Local Anesthetics
• Hypnotics
• Endogenous Substances
• Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
• Biogenic Amines
• Arachidonic Acid Metabolites
• References
• CHAPTER 26: Acid–Base Disorders
• Mechanisms for Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration
• Buffer Systems
• Bicarbonate Buffering System
• Hemoglobin Buffering System
• Protein Buffering System
• Phosphate Buffering System
• Intracellular pH Regulation
• Ventilatory Responses
• Renal Responses
• Classification of Acid–Base Disturbances
• Respiratory Acidosis
• Respiratory Alkalosis
• Metabolic Acidosis
• Lactic Acidosis
• Dilutional Acidosis
• Other Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
• Differential Diagnosis of Metabolic Acidosis
• Base Excess
• Anion Gap
• Strong Ion Gap
• Simplified Approach to Metabolic Acidosis of Uncertain Etiology
• Metabolic Alkalosis
• Compensation for Acid–Base Disturbances
• Effects of Temperature on Acid–Base Status
• pH-Stat Management
• α-Stat Management
• References
• PART V Blood and Hemostasis
• CHAPTER 27: Physiology of Blood and Hemostasis
• Hemostasis and History
• Initiation of Coagulation
• Propagation of Coagulation
• Tissue Factor, Thrombin, and Fibrin(ogen) in Clot Formation and Stability
• Endothelial Regulation of Coagulation
• Antithrombin and Proteins C and S
• Inflammation and Coagulation: An Important Link
• Coagulation Testing
• Perioperative Changes in Coagulation
• Hemostatic Therapy
• Postoperative Hypercoagulability
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 28: Blood Products and Blood Components
• Transfusion Therapy for Bleeding
• Red Blood Cells
• Red Blood Cell Storage Lesions
• Red Blood Cell Storage and Tissue Oxygenation Parameters
• Plasma/Fresh Frozen Plasma
• Solvent/Detergent-Treated Plasma
• Cryoprecipitate
• Platelet Concentrates
• Alloimmunization
• Leukoreduction
• Graft Versus Host Disease
• Indications for Platelet Transfusions and Transfusion Triggers
• Purified Factor Concentrates
• Fibrinogen Concentrates
• Prothrombin Complex Concentrates
• von Willebrand Factor
• Hereditary Angioedema and C1 Esterase Inhibitor Concentrates
• Adverse Effects of Transfusions
• Transfusion as an Inflammatory Response
• Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload
• Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury
• Clinical History of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury
• Multiple Factors Influence Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury
• Acute Pulmonary Edema and Management
• Decreasing the Incidence of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury
• Plasma From Male Donors
• Transfusion-Related Acute Inflammatory Responses and Immunomodulation
• Role of Neutrophils and Other Inflammatory Cells
• Summary
• References
• CHAPTER 29: Procoagulants
• Antifibrinolytic Agents: Lysine Analogs
• Antifibrinolytic Agents: Aprotinin
• Protamine
• Desmopressin
• Fibrinogen
• Recombinant Coagulation Products and Factor Concentrates
• Recombinant Activated Factor VIIa
• Factor XIII
• Prothrombin Complex Concentrates
• Topical Hemostatic Agents
• Summary
• References
• CHAPTER 30: Anticoagulants
• Heparin
• Pharmacokinetics
• Laboratory Evaluation of Coagulation
• Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Anti-Factor Xa
• Activated Clotting Time
• Clinical Uses
• Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
• Allergic Reactions
• Reversal of Heparin-Induced Anticoagulation With Protamine
• Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins
• Spinal and Epidural Hematomas
• Fondaparinux
• Danaparoid
• Prophylaxis Against Venous Thromboembolism
• Direct Thrombin Inhibitors: Parenteral Agents
• Bivalirudin
• Argatroban
• Lepirudin and Desirudin
• Oral Anticoagulants
• Vitamin K Antagonists—Warfarin
• Mechanism of Action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Laboratory Evaluation
• Clinical Uses
• Management Before Elective Surgery
• Direct-Acting Non–vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants
• Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors
• Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
• Perioperative Management of the Direct-Acting Non–vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants
• Platelet Inhibitors
• Aspirin
• Thienopyridines: Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, and Ticagrelor
• Cangrelor
• Dipyridamole
• Dextran
• Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists
• Perioperative Management of Patients on Platelet Inhibitors
• Thrombolytic Drugs
• References
• CHAPTER 31: Physiology and Management of Massive Transfusion
• Pathophysiology of Hemostatic Abnormalities Associated With Trauma
• Trauma and Endothelial Dysfunction
• Massive Transfusion
• Therapeutic Approaches for Massive Transfusion and Coagulopathy
• Adverse Effects of Transfusions
• Hemostatic Changes Associated With Massive Transfusion Coagulopathy
• Perioperative Hemostatic Changes
• Massive Transfusion Coagulopathy
• Role of Red Blood Cells and Anemia
• Causes of Bleeding in the Setting of Massive Transfusion Coagulopathy
• Hypothermia, Acidosis, and Coagulopathy
• Dilutional Coagulopathy
• Fibrinolysis
• Hypofibrinogenemia
• Monitoring Hemostasis During Massive Transfusion
• Treatment of Coagulopathy During Massive Transfusion
• Plasma/Fresh Frozen Plasma
• Platelet Administration
• Antifibrinolytic Agents
• Procoagulants
• Goal-Directed Management
• Postpartum Hemorrhage
• Multimodal Resuscitation: Damage Control Resuscitation
• Summary
• References
• PART VI Gastrointestinal System and Metabolism
• CHAPTER 32: Gastrointestinal Physiology
• Liver
• Anatomy
• Hepatic Blood Flow
• Control of Hepatic Blood Flow
• Reservoir Function
• Bile Secretion
• Bile Salts
• Bilirubin
• Cholesterol
• Metabolic Functions
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Gastrointestinal Tract
• Anatomy
• Blood Flow
• Portal Venous Pressure
• Splenic Circulation
• Innervation
• Motility
• Ileus
• Salivary Glands
• Esophagus
• Lower Esophageal Sphincter
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• Hiatal Hernia
• Achalasia
• Stomach
• Gastric Secretions
• Parietal Cells
• Chief Cells
• G Cells
• Gastric Fluid Volume and Rate of Gastric Emptying
• Gastric Emptying Prior to Elective Surgery
• Opioid-Induced Slowing of Gastric Emptying
• Measurement of the Rate of Gastric Emptying
• Vomiting
• Small Intestine
• Secretions of the Small Intestine
• Absorption From the Small Intestine
• Colon
• Secretions of the Colon
• Pancreas
• Regulation of Pancreatic Secretions
• References
• CHAPTER 33: Metabolism
• Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Glycogen
• Gluconeogenesis
• Energy Release From Glucose
• Anaerobic Glycolysis
• Lipid Metabolism
• Protein Metabolism
• Storage of Amino Acids
• Plasma Proteins
• Albumin
• Coagulation Factors
• Use of Proteins for Energy
• Effects of Stress on Metabolism
• Obesity
• Pharmacologic Treatment
• References
• CHAPTER 34: Antiemetics*
• Definition
• Incidence
• Pathophysiology
• Prophylaxis
• Patient Factors
• Surgical Factors
• Anesthetic Factors
• Pharmacologic Interventions
• 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists
• Clinical Uses
• Comparison With Other Antiemetics
• Pharmacokinetics
• Anticholinergics
• Scopolamine
• Central Anticholinergic Syndrome
• Overdose
• Decreased Barrier Pressure
• Histamine Receptor Antagonists
• Corticosteroids
• Dopamine Receptor Antagonists
• Benzamides
• Butyrophenones
• Neurokinin-1 Antagonists
• Midazolam
• Cannabinoids
• Summary
• References
• CHAPTER 35: Antacids and Gastrointestinal Motility Drugs*
• Oral Antacids
• Complications of Antacid Therapy
• Drug Interactions
• Histamine-Receptor Antagonists
• H1-Receptor Antagonists
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• H2-Receptor Antagonists
• Mechanism of Action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Drug Interactions
• Proton Pump Inhibitors
• Choice of PPI
• Omeprazole
• Esomeprazole
• Pantoprazole
• Gastrointestinal Prokinetics
• Dopamine Blockers
• Domperidone
• Metoclopramide
• Macrolides
• 5-HT4–Receptor Agonists
• Serotonin Agonists
• References
• CHAPTER 36: Nutrition
• Definitions
• Malnutrition
• Nutrition Support
• Enteral Nutrition
• Enteral Tube Feeding
• Side Effects
• Parenteral Nutrition
• Short-Term Parenteral Therapy
• Long-Term Total Parenteral Nutrition
• Side Effects
• Monitoring During TPN
• Preparation of TPN Solutions
• Immunonutrition
• Vitamins, Dietary Supplements, and Herbal Remedies
• Vitamins
• Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• Dietary Supplements
• Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
• References
• PART VII Endocrine System
• CHAPTER 37: Normal Endocrine Function
• Mechanism of Hormone Action
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Anterior Pituitary
• Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)
• Prolactin
• Gonadotropins
• Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
• Posterior Pituitary
• Arginine Vasopressin
• Oxytocin
• Thyroid Gland
• Mechanism of Action
• Calcitonin
• Parathyroid Glands
• Adrenal Cortex
• Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone
• Physiologic Effects
• Mechanism of Action
• Regulation of Secretion
• Glucocorticoids: Cortisol
• Physiologic Effects
• Mechanism of Action
• Regulation of Secretion
• Effect of Anesthesia and Surgery
• Reproductive Glands
• Testes
• Ovaries
• Estrogens
• Progesterone
• Menstruation
• Pregnancy
• Menopause
• Pancreas
• Insulin
• Regulation of Secretion
• Physiologic Effects
• Glucagon
• Somatostatin
• Pancreatic Polypeptide
• References
• CHAPTER 38: Drugs that Alter Glucose Regulation
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Insulin
• Pharmacokinetics
• Insulin Preparations and Delivery
• Lispro
• Insulin Aspart and Glulisine
• Regular Insulin (Crystalline Zinc Insulin)
• Neutral Protamine Hagedorn
• Glargine, Detemir, and Degludec
• Side Effects
• Hypoglycemia
• Allergic Reactions
• Lipodystrophy
• Insulin Resistance
• Drug Interactions
• Other Glucose Regulators
• Metformin
• Pharmacokinetics
• Mechanism of Action
• Side Effects
• Sulfonylureas
• Mechanism of Action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Side Effects
• Glyburide
• Glipizide
• Glimepiride
• Thiazolidinediones
• Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
• Side Effects
• Pharmacokinetics
• Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
• Side Effects
• Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
• Other Medications
• Combination Therapy
• References
• CHAPTER 39: Drugs for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Synthetic Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)
• Triiodothyronine Formulations (Liothyronine)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Thionamides (Methimazole, Propylthiouracil, Carbimazole)
• Side Effects
• Iodine (Saturated Potassium Iodide Solutions, Potassium Iodide-Iodine [Lugol Solution])
• Radioactive Iodine
• Thyroid Storm
• References
• CHAPTER 40: Other Endocrine Drugs
• Corticosteroids
• Structure-Activity Relationships
• Mechanism of Action
• Maintenance of Homeostasis
• Permissive Actions
• Protective Actions
• Pharmacokinetics
• Synthetic Corticosteroids
• Prednisolone
• Prednisone
• Methylprednisolone
• Betamethasone
• Dexamethasone
• Triamcinolone
• Clinical Uses
• Deficiency States
• Allergic Therapy
• Asthma
• Antiemetic Effect
• Postoperative Analgesia
• Cerebral Edema
• Aspiration Pneumonitis
• Lumbar Disc Disease
• Immunosuppression
• Arthritis
• Collagen Diseases
• Ocular Inflammation
• Cutaneous Disorders
• Postintubation Laryngeal Edema
• Ulcerative Colitis
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Leukemia
• Cardiac Arrest
• Septic Shock
• Side Effects
• Corticosteroid Supplementation in the Perioperative Period
• Electrolyte and Metabolic Changes and Weight Gain
• Osteoporosis
• Peptic Ulcer Disease
• Skeletal Muscle Myopathy
• Central Nervous System Dysfunction
• Peripheral Blood Changes
• Inhibition of Normal Growth
• Inhibitors of Corticosteroid Synthesis
• Metyrapone
• Mitotane
• Drugs That Regulate Calcium
• Hypercalcemia
• Bisphosphonates
• Glucocorticoids
• Hypocalcemia
• Drugs for Pituitary Function
• Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• Growth Hormone
• Gonadotropins
• Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
• Melatonin
• Posterior Pituitary Hormones
• Arginine Vasopressin
• Diabetes Insipidus
• Hypotension During Anesthesia
• Septic Shock
• Refractory Cardiac Arrest
• Esophageal Varices
• Side Effects
• Oxytocin
• Side Effects
• Drugs for Reproductive Regulation
• Ovarian Hormones
• Estrogens
• Antiestrogens
• Tissue-Specific Estrogens
• Progesterone
• Antiprogestins
• Oral Contraceptives
• Androgens
• Route of Administration
• Side Effects
• Danazol
• Finasteride
• References
• PART VIII Miscellaneous
• CHAPTER 41: Antimicrobials, Antiseptics, Disinfectants, and Management of Perioperative Infection
• Introduction
• Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Surgical Procedures
• Antimicrobial Selection
• Nosocomial Infections
• Special Patient Groups
• Parturients
• Elderly Patients
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients
• Antibacterial Drugs Commonly Used in the Perioperative Period
• Penicillins
• Clinical Indications
• Excretion
• Duration of Action
• Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins
• Penicillinase-Susceptible Broad-Spectrum Penicillins (Second-Generation Penicillins)
• Ampicillin
• Amoxicillin
• Extended-Spectrum Carboxypenicillins (Third-Generation Penicillins)
• Carbenicillin
• Extended-Spectrum Acylaminopenicillins (Fourth-Generation Penicillins)
• Penicillin β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations
• Cephalosporins
• Cephalosporins and Allergy to Penicillins
• Cross-reactivity
• Classification
• Other β-Lactam Antimicrobials
• Aztreonam
• Aminoglycoside Antimicrobials
• Side Effects
• Macrolides
• Erythromycin
• Azithromycin
• Clindamycin
• Side Effects
• Vancomycin
• Side Effects
• Linezolid
• Side Effects
• Bacitracins
• Metronidazole
• Fluoroquinolones
• Ciprofloxacin
• Moxifloxacin
• Antiseptic and Disinfectant Prophylaxis for Surgical Procedures
• Topical Antiseptics
• Alcohols
• Chlorhexidine
• Iodine
• Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
• Hexachlorophene
• Methods for Sterilization of Instruments
• Formaldehyde
• Glutaraldehyde
• Pasteurization
• Cresol
• Silver Nitrate
• Ethylene Oxide
• References
• CHAPTER 42: Chemotherapeutic Drugs*
• Drug Resistance
• Classification
• Toxicities
• Alkylating Agents
• Side Effects
• Nitrogen Mustards
• Mechlorethamine
• Cyclophosphamide
• Melphalan
• Chlorambucil
• Alkyl Sulfonates
• Side Effects
• Nitrosoureas
• Carmustine
• Lomustine and Semustine
• Streptozocin
• Mitomycin
• Platinating Drugs
• Cisplatin
• Side Effects
• Antimetabolites
• Folate Analogues
• Methotrexate
• Pyrimidine Analogues
• Fluorouracil
• Capecitabine
• Pemetrexed
• Cytarabine
• Gemcitabine
• Purine Analogues
• Mercaptopurine
• Thioguanine
• Pentostatin and Cladribine
• Hydroxyurea
• Topoisomerase Inhibitors
• Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Dactinomycin
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Bleomycin
• Clinical Uses
• Side Effects
• Tubulin-Binding Drugs
• Vinca Alkaloids
• Side Effects
• Taxanes
• Side Effects
• Estramustine
• Signal Transduction Modulators
• Progestins
• Estrogens and Androgens
• Antiestrogens
• Antiandrogens
• Aromatase Inhibitors
• Monoclonal Antibodies
• Other Targeted Therapies
• Vaccines
• Immunomodulatory Drugs
• Cancer Immunotherapies
• Adoptive Cellular Therapy
• Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells
• References
• CHAPTER 43: Psychopharmacologic Drugs*
• Drugs With Primarily Serotonergic Activity
• Mechanisms of Action
• Serotonin Receptors
• Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
• Adverse Effects
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
• Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
• Tricyclic Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
• Serotonin Multimodal Drugs
• Serotonin Agonist
• Serotonin and Norepinephrine Multimodal Drugs
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
• Monoamine Oxidase Enzyme System
• Mechanisms of Action
• Adverse Effects
• Dietary Restrictions
• Drug Interactions
• Overdose
• Management of Anesthesia
• Drugs With Primarily Noradrenergic Activity
• Tricyclic and Related Antidepressants
• Mechanisms of Action
• Utility in Chronic Pain Syndromes
• Adverse Effects
• Tolerance
• Pharmacokinetics
• Drug Interactions
• Overdose
• Other Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Drugs
• Norepinephrine Agonists
• Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor
• Drugs With Primarily Dopaminergic Activity
• Dopamine Norepinephrine Multimodal Drugs
• Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor Drugs
• Dopamine Agonists
• Dopamine Antagonists
• Mechanisms of Action
• First-Generation Antipsychotics
• Antiemetic Effects
• Adverse Effects
• Drug Interactions
• Dopamine and Serotonin Antagonist Drugs
• Clozapine
• Olanzapine
• Risperidone, Paliperidone, and Iloperidone
• Aripiprazole, Brexpiprazole, and Cariprazine
• Ziprasidone and Lurasidone
• Amisulpride
• Long-Acting Injectable Formulations
• Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Multimodal Drugs
• Drugs With Primarily Glutamatergic Activity
• Glutamate Antagonists and Channel Blockers
• Valproate, Carbamazepine, and Oxcarbazepine
• Lamotrigine
• Gabapentin and Pregabalin
• Glutamate Antagonist Drugs
• Other Glutamate Modulators
• Drugs With Primarily Acetylcholinergic Action
• Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
• Anesthetic Considerations
• Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist and Multimodal Drugs
• Drugs With Primarily γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-ergic Action
• Benzodiazepines
• Other GABAA Receptor Modulators
• Lithium
• Mechanisms of Action
• Dosage and Monitoring
• Adverse Effects
• Renal Effects
• Cardiac Effects
• Endocrine Effects
• Drug Interactions
• Anesthetic Considerations
• Toxicity
• Cannabinoids
• Pharmacokinetics
• Toxicity
• Clinical Uses
• Conclusion
• References
• PART IX Special Populations
• CHAPTER 44: Physiology of the Newborn*
• Neonatal Physiology
• Neonatal Cardiovascular Physiology
• Respiratory Physiology of the Newborn
• Neonatal Thermoregulation
• Neonatal Fluid, Electrolyte, and Renal Physiology
• Neonatal Neurophysiology
• Neonatal Hepatic Physiology
• References
• CHAPTER 45: Maternal and Fetal Physiology and Pharmacology
• Introduction
• Maternal Physiology
• Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy and Delivery
• Cardiovascular Changes
• Intravascular Volumes and Hematology
• Cardiac Output
• Systemic Vascular Resistance
• Aortocaval Compression
• Pulmonary Changes
• Airway
• Minute Ventilation and Oxygenation
• Lung Volumes
• Gastrointestinal Changes
• Renal Changes
• Neurologic Changes
• Uteroplacental Physiology
• Uterine Blood Flow
• Oxygen Transfer
• Principles of Nonobstetric Surgery During Pregnancy
• Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
• Intraoperative Considerations for Nonobstetric Surgery
• Postoperative Pain Management
• Fetal Physiology
• Characteristics of the Fetal Circulation
• Drug Transfer
• Fetal Liver Function and Drug Metabolism
• Anesthetic Toxicity in the Fetus
• Fetal Neurophysiology
• Fetal Pain
• References
• CHAPTER 46: Physiology and Pharmacology of the Elderly
• Aging and the Cardiovascular System
• Heart
• Large Vessels
• Endothelial Function
• Conduction System
• Autonomic and Integrated Cardiovascular Responses
• Anesthetic and Ischemic Preconditioning in the Aging Heart
• Aging and the Respiratory System
• Respiratory System Mechanics and Architecture
• Lung Volumes and Capacities
• Vital Capacity
• Residual Volume
• Total Lung Capacity
• Functional Residual Capacity
• Closing Capacity
• Expiratory Flow
• Diffusing Capacity and Alveolar-to-Arterial Oxygen Gradient
• Upper Airway Protective Reflexes
• Control of Breathing, Chemoreceptors, and Integrated Responses
• Sleep-Disordered Breathing
• The Coagulation System in the Elderly
• Thermoregulation in the Elderly
• Resting Core Temperature
• Response to Cold Stress
• Gastrointestinal Function in the Elderly
• Liver
• Gastroesophageal Physiology
• Renal Function in the Elderly
• Skeletal Muscle Mass and Aging
• Neurophysiology of Aging
• Pain and Aging
• Conclusion
• References
• CHAPTER 47: Physiology and Pharmacology of Resuscitation
• Pathophysiology
• Cardiac Arrest
• Hemorrhagic Shock
• Pulmonary Arrest
• Pharmacology
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Epinephrine
• Amiodarone
• Hemorrhage
• Tranexamic Acid
• Oxygenation/Ventilation
• References
• Drug Index
• Subject Index